Revelation 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Book of Revelation or the Apocalypse of John in the New Testament of the ChristianBible. The book is traditionally attributed to John the Apostle,[1][2] but the precise identity of the author remains a point of academic debate.[3] The author records visions of two beasts (or monsters) which he saw while "standing on the seashore",[4] the beast from the sea and the beast from the land.[5]
La Bête de la Mer (from the Tapisserie de l'ApocalypseinAngers, France). A medieval tapestry, this detail of which shows John, the Dragon, and the Beast of the Sea.
Then I stood on the sand of the sea. And I saw a beast rising up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and on his horns ten crowns, and on his heads a blasphemous name.[10]
Some manuscript texts read ἐστάθην, estathēn, I stood, while others read ἐστάθη, estathē, he stood, referring to the dragon of Revelation 12:17.
"The sea": here represents 'the sphere of primeval chaos, the source of evil, an alternative image to the abyss (cf. Revelation 11:7).[9]
Now the beast which I saw was like a leopard, his feet were like the feet of a bear, and his mouth like the mouth of a lion. The dragon gave him his power, his throne, and great authority.[11]
The dominant violent characteristic of the beast is modelled on the vision of four beasts in the Book of Daniel, representing four great world empires (Daniel 7:1–8).[9]
And he was given a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies, and he was given authority to continue for forty-two months.[12][b]
The language of verse 5 reflects Daniel 7:6, 8, 25.[9] Although the beast's power is given by the dragon (verse 2), it can only be exercised by God's permission (verse 5).[9]
This is the second beast, which also called the "false prophet" (Revelation 16:13; 19:20; 20:10), 'represents the priesthood of the imperial cult, which included prominent members of the elite of the cities'.[14]
Graffito in Paris quoting Revelation 13:16, associating it with microchips.
16 He causes all, both small and great, both rich and poor, both free and slave, to receive a mark on their right hand or on their forehead, 17 so that no one may buy or sell, except he who has the mark or the name of the beast or the number of his name.[17]
The mark of the beast seems to be 'a parody of God's seal of ownership on the foreheads of faithful Christians' (7:3; 14:1).[18] The reference to "buying and selling" may reflect the fact that 'it was particularly in order to participate in the business life of the cities that Christians were tempted to compromise with idolatry'.[18]
Here is wisdom. Let him who has understanding calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man: His number is 666.[19]
The reference that "the number of the beast" is the same as "the number of a person" leads to many interpretations, because the Greek or Hebrew letters also functioned as numbers, so it was possible to "add up the numerical value of a word"—a practice known as gematria.[18] The Greek word for "beast" (therion) or "Nero(n) Caesar" when transliterated into Hebrew letters has the total value of 666, but the 'verbal link' to Revelation 17:9 indicates more significance of the number (which will be developed further in chapter 17).[18] The number 666 is unusual for being a triangular number (that is, the sum of all numbers from 1 to 36), and also a doubly triangular number (because 36 is the sum of all numbers up to 8) and the eighth such number (in the series of 1, 6, 21, 55, 120, 231, 406, 666).[18] Nero is also revealed to be "the eighth" in power.[18] At least one manuscript reads 616.[20][21]
^Davids, Peter H (1982). I Howard Marshall and W Ward Gasque (ed.). New International Greek Testament Commentary: The Epistle of James (Repr. ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. ISBN0802823882.
^Evans, Craig A (2005). Craig A Evans (ed.). Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: John, Hebrews-Revelation. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Victor. ISBN0781442281.
^F. L. Cross, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 45
^Elliott, J. K.『Revelations from the apparatus criticus of the Book of Revelation: How Textual
Criticism Can Help Historians.』Union Seminary Quarterly Review 63, no. 3-4 (2012): 1-23.
^Claremont Coptic Encyclopaedia, Codex Vaticanus, accessed 29 September 2018
^Stewart, Robert B.; Ehrman, Bart D.; Wallace, Daniel B. (2011). The reliability of the New Testament. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN978-0-8006-9773-0.
