Genus of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales
This article is about the genus of flowering plant. For the commune in southern France, see Ribes, Ardèche. For the region in Catalonia, see Vall de Ribes.
Ribes species are medium shrublike plants[6] with marked diversity in strikingly diverse flowers and fruit.[7] They have either palmately lobed or compound leaves, and some have thorns.[6] The sepals of the flowers are larger than the petals, and fuse into a tube or saucer shape.[6] The ovary is inferior, maturing into a berry with many seeds.[6]
First treated on a worldwide basis in 1907,[9] the infrageneric classification has undergone many revisions,[10] and even in the era of molecular phylogenetics there has been contradictory evidence.[7] Although sometimes treated as two separate genera, Ribes and Grossularia (Berger 1924),[11] the consensus has been to consider it as a single genus, divided into a number of subgenera, the main ones of which are subgenus Ribes (currants) and subgenus Grossularia (gooseberries), further subdivided into sections.[10] Janczewski (1907) considered six subgenera and eleven sections.[9] Berger's twelve subgenera based on two distinct genera (see Senters & Soltis (2003) Table 1) have subsequently been demoted to sections.[8][7] Weigend (2007) elevated a number of sections to produce a taxonomy of seven subgenera; Ribes (sections Ribes, Heretiera, Berisia) Coreosma, Calobotrya (sections Calobotrya, Cerophyllum), Symphocalyx, Grossularioides, Grossularia, Parilla.[12][13]
Taxonomy, according to Berger, modified by Sinnott (1985):[8][7]
Some authors continued to treat Hesperia and Lobbia as subgenera.[14][7] Early molecular studies suggested that subgenus Grossularia was actually embedded within subgenus Ribes.[15] Analysis of combined molecular datasets confirms subgenus Grossularia as a monophyletic group, with two main lineages, sect. Grossularia and another clade consisting of glabrous gooseberies, including Hesperia, Lobbia and Robsonia. Other monophyletic groups identified were Calobotrya, Parilla, Symphocalyx and Berisia. However sections Ribes, Coreosma and Heritiera were not well supported. Consequently, there is insufficient resolution to justify further taxonomic revision.[7]
Ribes is widely distributed through the Northern Hemisphere, and also extending south in the mountainous areas of South America.[7] Species can be found in meadows or near streams.[6]
The genus Ribes includes the edible currants: blackcurrant, redcurrant, and white currant, as well as the European gooseberry, Ribes uva-crispa, and several hybrid varieties. It should not be confused with the dried currants used in cakes and puddings, which are from the Zante currant, a small-fruited cultivar of the grape Vitis vinifera. Ribes gives its name to the popular blackcurrant cordial Ribena.
The genus also includes the group of ornamental plants collectively known as the flowering currants, for instance, R. sanguineum.
Transport of R. nigrum prohibited throughout the Commonwealth. Other species of Ribes require a permit, with the caveat that permits shall not issue for a list of municipalities that cover most of the Commonwealth.
Michigan
R. nigrum prohibited statewide.[21] Other species of Ribes and Grossularia require a permit in the blister rust control area, which includes the entirety of the Upper Peninsula and the northern and western portions of the Lower Peninsula.[22]
Possession or transport of R. nigrum requires a permit statewide. Possession or movement of all Ribes and Grossularia species is prohibited in certain municipalities in Sussex, Passaic and Morris Counties. Grossularia and Ribes other than R. nigrum otherwise requires only compliance with general regulations on movement of nursery stock.
All Ribes species are prohibited in nine counties of the Adirondack Mountains, and in many townships in the Adirondacks and Catskills. R. nigrum is prohibited throughout the state, except that cultivars known to be immune to Cronartium ribicola, the white pine blister rust, may be grown wherever other Ribes species are permitted.
All Ribes species prohibited. The North Carolina Forest Service maintains an active eradication program for Ribes in the western part of the state.[28]
Possession, transport, planting, propagation, sale or offering for sale of R. nigrum is prohibited. Cultivars known to be immune to Cronartium ribicola, the white pine blister rust, are exempt. The law does not prohibit other Ribes species.
Pennsylvania
PennState Extension states:[30] "In 1933, Pennsylvania passed a law that limited growing gooseberries and currants in certain areas; however, the law is not enforced. Therefore, all Ribes can be grown in the state."
R. nigrum, R. aureum, and R. odoratum are prohibited throughout the state. Other Ribes species require permits to transport or plant and are forbidden in some municipalities, or within 900 feet of a stand of five-leaved pines one acre or more in extent or a nursery cultivating five-leaved pines.
Vermont
New England Small Fruit Management Guide[32] asserts that there are "No regulations at present."
Blackfoot people used blackcurrant root (Ribes hudsonianum) for the treatment of kidney diseases and menstrual and menopausal problems. The Cree used the fruit of Ribes glandulosum as a fertility enhancer to assist women in becoming pregnant.[35]
European immigrants who settled in North America in the 18th century typically made wine from both red and white currants.[36]
^"White Pine Blister Rust". Plant Industry - Plant Protection Section. North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
^"Currants and Gooseberries". NE Small Fruit Management Guide. Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. 22 June 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
^Tilford, Gregory L. (1997). Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West. Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing. ISBN978-0-87842-359-0.
^Kalm, Pehr (1772). Travels into North America: containing its natural history, and a circumstantial account of its plantations and agriculture in general, with the civil, ecclesiastical and commercial state of the country, the manners of the inhabitants, and several curious and important remarks on various subjects. Translated by Johann Reinhold Forster. London: T. Lowndes. p. 67. ISBN9780665515002. OCLC1083889360.
Janczewski, Edward (1907). "Monographies des groseilliers, Ribes L.". Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève. 35: 199–517.
Weigend, Maximilian; Mohr, Oliver; Motley, Timothy J. (1 August 2002). "Phylogeny and classification of the genus Ribes (Grossulariaceae) based on 5S-NTS sequences and morphological and anatomical data". Botanische Jahrbücher. 124 (2): 163–182. doi:10.1127/0006-8152/2002/0124-0163.
Media related to Ribes at Wikimedia Commons
