Ripipterygids are small, often dark-colored, cricket-like orthopterans, between 3 and 14 mm in length. They closely resemble the related tridactylids. Like tridactylids, they have greatly expanded hind femora, and have the ability to swim and jump from the surface of water. They can be distinguished from tridactylids by their uninflated tibiae on the middle pair of legs, unsegmented cerci, rows of comblike teeth on the epiproct, and setae at the tips of the cerciform lobes on the paraproct, as well as through characters of the genitalia.[1]
Species in the genus Ripipteryx are typically black or dark brown and often metallic; many are boldly colored or strikingly patterned, with sharply contrasting white, yellow, and/or red markings.[2] Members of the genus Mirhipipteryx are typically smaller and more drably colored.[1]
Ripipterygids are restricted to the Neotropics. They can be found from southern Mexico south to central South America. Like tridactylids, they are typically found in riparian areas, on bare soil, sand, and mud, as well as on rocks, and – in some species – low vegetation in, near, or above water.[3][4] In at least some species, individuals are not distributed evenly throughout appropriate habitat, but rather are found in groups.[4]
Ripipterygids have been comparatively little-studied, and many aspects of their biology are poorly known, with behavioral observations having only been made on a handful of species.[5]
Like tridactylids, ripipterygids walk quadrupedally using only their first two pairs of legs, and the hind legs are only used for jumping and swimming. Ripipterygids fly when disturbed, often landing on water and swimming back to shore.[4]
Ripipterygids are herbivorous, and have been recorded feeding on a variety of different plants, as well as foraging on the ground.[6][4][7] Foraging ripipterygids may leave networks of shallow tracks in sandy or muddy soil near waterways.[4]
At least some ripipterygids build short burrows or oval-shaped cells in clay soil or sand, on both flat ground and in vertical banks.[3][4][8] These burrows are used for temporary shelter, and may also be used for protection while molting.[4]
Species vary in their activity patterns; some are most active during dawn and dusk, and others are active throughout the day even in direct sunlight.[3][8] One species studied was nocturnal.[3]
InRipipteryx notata in Uruguay (near the southern limit of the family's geographic distribution), females oviposit eggs singly in bare soil in spring and summer. Nymphs are present in summer and early autumn (whereas adults are present year-round).[6][4] Unlike in grasshoppers, embryonic molt has not been observed to occur in ripipterygids.[6]
Ripipterygids, tridactylids, and sandgropers comprise the superfamily Tridactyloidea within the suborder Caelifera (grasshoppers and relatives). The tridactyloids are sister to the remainder of Caelifera. Within Tridactyloidea, ripipterygids are sister to tridactylids; the two families are estimated to have diverged between 150 and 175 million years ago.[9]
Ripipterygids were initially included in the family Tridactylidae. They were first elevated to family rank (as Rhipipterygidae) in 1939.[10] The classification of the family was extensively revised in a series of works by Kurt Günther between the 1960s and 1990s.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][8] However, the taxonomic diversity of the family, particularly in Central America, is still incompletely known.[18][5]
Two extant genera of ripipterygids are recognized: Mirhipipteryx and Ripipteryx. Since the 1960s, the genus Ripipteryx has been divided into five species groups, based primarily on characters of the male genitalia. However, there is evidence that these groups are not monophyletic.[2][19][20] In addition, Ripipteryx itself may be paraphyletic with respect to Mirhipipteryx, suggesting additional taxonomic revision of the family is required.[19]
Both Mirhipipteryx and Ripipteryx have representatives distributed throughout the geographic distribution of the family, as do all of the Ripipteryx species groups apart from the Scrofulosa group, the members of which are all restricted to Central America.[3]
^ abcAmaral de Gambardella, Loreley (1971). "Oviposición y eclosión de Rhipipteryx notata Burm. 1838.—(Orthoptera: Tridactyloidea, Rhipipterygidae)". Revista Peruana de Entomología. Anales del Primer Congreso Latinoamericano de Entomología (in Spanish and English). 14 (2): 282–285.
Media related to Ripipterygidae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Ripipterygidae at Wikispecies
