Arump state is the remnant of a once much larger state, left with a greatly reduced territory in the wake of secession, annexation, occupation, decolonization, or a successful coup d'étatorrevolution on part of its former territory.[1] In the last case, a government stops short of going into exile because it controls part of its former territory.
The Eastern Roman Empire (to 1453 AD) can be considered a rump state of the Roman Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD
The Sultanate of Rum was a rump state of the Seljuk Empire.[7]
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was an Armenian rump state in Cilicia.[8]
After the Ming dynasty established control over China proper in 1368, the Yuan dynasty retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and survived as a rump state called the Northern Yuan.[13]
By summer 1503, Aq Qoyunlu rule collapsed in Iran. Some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to survive until 1508, before they were absorbed into the Safavid EmpirebyIsmail I.[14]
After the fall of the Malacca Sultanate in 1511 to the Portuguese naval forces, many of the Malaccan royalty and nobility retreated to the southern region of the Malay Peninsula and established the Johor Sultanate.[15]
After the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532, the Neo-Inca State based at Vilcabamba survived as a rump state until 1572.[16]
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was left as a rump state after the First Partition of PolandbyRussia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772.[17] The resulting rump state was partitioned again in 1793 and annexed outright in 1795. After Napoleon's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1807, he created a new Polish rump state, the Duchy of Warsaw.[18] After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna created a state, Congress Poland in 1815.
The modern country of Luxembourg is the rump state of the former Duchy of Luxembourg, which lost two thirds of its territory due to multiple partitions between 1659 and 1839. This was cemented by the Treaty of London, which gave most of its former territory to newly-independent Belgium.[19]
The Republic of German-Austria was created in 1918 as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within what had been the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[20]
The Republic of Armenia became a rump state in 1920 after Turkish invasion.[21][22][23]
The Hungarian Republic became a rump state in 1919 after Hungarian–Romanian War.[24]
The Second Czechoslovak Republic was the result of the events following the Munich Agreement, where Czechoslovakia was forced to cede the German-populated Sudetenland region to Germany on 1 October 1938. The state existed for 169 days during which it lost the region of Carpathian Ruthenia.[25]
The fascist Italian Social Republic, a German puppet state led by Benito Mussolini, was a rump state of the Kingdom of Italy between 1943–1945.[26][27][28]
The Republic of China towards the end of the Chinese Civil War retreated to the island of Taiwan.[29] Although the original territory was reduced to Kinmen and Matsu Islands, the ROC had obtained control of the island of Taiwan and Penghu from the Empire of Japan in 1945, a controversial status that remains legally debated to this day.[30]
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) / Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) was often viewed as the rump state left behind by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) after it broke up.[31] SFR Yugoslavia itself was considered the 'rump Yugoslavia' for its last ten months, between Slovenian and Croatian declarations of independence on 25 June 1991 and the legal dissolution of Yugoslavia on 27 April 1992.[32]Only after five more years did Esma'il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma'il.
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The Belgian Revolution of 1830 and subsequent Treaty of London (1839) led to the partitioning of a section of Luxembourg territory between Belgium and the Dutch king, which resulted in the Grand Duchy's present-day geographical borders.
