Sfenj (from the Arabic word Arabic: سفنج, romanized: Safanj, meaning sponge) is a Maghrebidoughnut: a light, spongy ring of dough fried in oil. Sfenj is eaten plain, sprinkled with sugar, or soaked in honey. It is a well-known dish in the Maghreb and is traditionally made and sold early in the morning for breakfast or in the late afternoon accompanied by tea—usually Maghrebi mint tea—or coffee.[2] The term Sfenj is used in Algeria and other parts of the Maghreb. It is called bambalouniinTunisia,[3] and SfenjinLibya.[4]InMorocco, the term "Sfenj" is used, also sometimes nicknamed in the literature "Moroccan doughnuts".[5][6][7] It is also called KhfaforftayrinAlgeria,[8][9][10] and is sometimes also dubbed as the "Algerian doughnut".[11][12]
Sfenj originated in Al-Andalus (Moorish Spain). According to legend, Sfenj was created by mistake, when a baker accidentally dropped a ball of dough into a pan of hot oil.[13] Sfenj was an important part of Andalusi culture, whose role was best summarised by a verse from a contemporary poet: "The Sfenj bakers are worth as much as kings" ("سفاجين تحسبهم ملوكا").[14]
It is unclear how Sfenj first spread to the Maghreb, although it is said to have been well known to the Marinid Dynasty, which ruled Morocco from 1270 to 1465. It spread to France during the 13th century, where it inspired beignets.[14] Sfenj were only sweetened with sugar starting in the 18th century, even though sugarcane has been widely cultivated in the Arab world since the 8th century. Before that, they were sweetened with honey or syrup, or simply served plain.[14]
Although Sfenj comes from Al-Andalus, most bakers and sellers of Sfenj in the Maghreb have traditionally been Amazigh (Berbers). The nomadic Amazigh are thought to have spread Sfenj throughout the Maghreb, aided in that by merchants who traveled across the region.[14]
The chef Mustafa an-Nakīr remarks that head meat with Sfenj was a popular breakfast in Marrakesh in his grandparents' time.[15]
Dedicated Sfenj bakers, called sufnāj (سفناج), soon appeared throughout the Maghreb, attesting to the dessert's popularity. Sufnājeen (plural of sufnāj) became central figures in the social life of Maghrebi neighborhoods, as they interacted with almost every household in their community every morning, and working as a sufnāj was considered a respectable career. In a traditional Sfenj bakery, the sufnāj (and their large circular fryer) sit on an elevated platform, raised slightly above the rest of the bakery, which is already raised more than a meter off the ground. Customers surround this platform and try to catch the sufnāj's attention to place their orders by raising their hand at him or her and shouting.[13][14]
Traditional sufnājeen are quickly going extinct in the modern Maghreb, as a result of the rise of industrial bakeries and the proliferation of Sfenj recipes over the Internet blogosphere.[13]
InLibya Sfenj is eaten sprinkled with sugar or soaked in honey or date molasses. It can be eaten for Friday breakfast or with afternoon tea.[16] Though it is eaten year-round,[17] it is especially popular during the winter months and around Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr.[18] It is the Libyan version of the Sfenj[19] doughnuts that are widely popular across the other countries of the Maghreb.[4]
Sfenj can also be prepared with a fried egg in the center.[18] The egg can be runny or hard, and is often topped with cheese.[4][17]
Sfenj (Hebrew: סְפינְג', romanized: Sfinj) entered Israeli culture before 1948, as Maghrebi Jews brought it with them when they immigrated to Mandatory Palestine.[20] Sfenj quickly became popular for Hanukkah, as it is easy to prepare at home. However, Sfenj's ease of preparation contributed to its loss of popularity in Israel when the Histadrut, Israel's national labor union, pushed to make the jelly-filled sufganiyah the traditional food of Hanukkah, during the late 1920s. Making sufganiyot well can only be done by professional bakers, and the Histadrut wanted sufganiyot to supplant the home-made latkes in order to secure jobs for Jewish bakers.[21] Their effort was successful: by 2016, Israel's 7 million Jews were eating 20 million sufganiyot per year.[22] More Israeli Jews report eating sufganiyot for Hanukkah than fasting for Yom Kippur.[21][23]
In addition to ordinary Sfenj, there are two special varieties of Sfenj, not counting the different toppings (honey, syrup, and sugar) Sfenj can have:[13]
Sfenj matifiyya (السفنج المطفية), Sfenj that is pounded flat and then fried a second time
Sfenj matifiyya bil-baydh (السفنجة المطفية بالبيض), Sfenj matifiyya with an egg added before refrying
"As if hitting a dog with a Sfenj" (بحال يلا ضربتي كلب باسفنجة), meaning a futile or Sisyphean endeavor, especially an act of pointless petty revenge (because if someone hits a dog with a Sfenj, the dog will eat and like it).
"Demanding oil from a sufnāj" (طلب الزيت من سفناج), meaning "taking from the needy" (because a sufnāj—a Sfenj baker—uses large amounts of cooking oil).
Sfenj being deep-fried in a traditional tilted deep fryer in Marrakesh, Morocco. The Sfenj are placed on the edge with no oil to fry the bottom and inflate the dough. Once fully inflated they are moved into the hot oil.
Sfenj in Essaouira Morocco. Sfenj are still bound together by passing a length of palm frond through the center as is pictured here.
^ abcHamza, Umm (9 April 2015). "SFINZ / SFENJ". Halal Home Cooking. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
^Ahmed Chouari (27 July 2021). "Memories of Jewish-Muslim Co-existence in the new Mellaḥ of Meknes and Jewish Heritage Conservation in Post-Colonial Morocco". In Joseph Chetrit; Jane S. Gerber; Drora Arussy (eds.). Jews and Muslims in Morocco, Their Intersecting Worlds. Lexington Books. p. 382. ISBN9781793624932.
^Gordon Rock (30 April 2020). A King's Feast: 40 Aromatic and Exotic Moroccan Recipes - The Best Cookbook to Celebrate Moroccan Independence Day.
^Copeland Marks (1994). The Great Book of Couscous: Classic Cuisines of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. the University of Virginia. p. 62-63. ISBN9781556114205.
^Bouksani, Louisa (1989). Gastronomie Algérienne. Alger, Ed. Jefal. p. 184.
^Nas E. Boutammina (2022). Le numide, langue populaire de la Berbérie. BoD - Books on Demand. p. 77. ISBN978-2-322-41710-0.
^Scheherazade, Jawahir (24 November 2014). "Sfenj à la farine". Joyaux Sherazade (in French). Retrieved 1 June 2018.
