A map of the foreign concessions of Shanghai in 1855 (in red), overlaid (in green) with the contemporary street pattern in 1910.
Shanghailanders[n 1] were foreign – principally European and American – settlers in the extraterritorial areas of Shanghai, China, between the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing and the mid-20th century.
The concessions' extraterritorial zones proved a haven, however, to refugee Jews lacking visas. World War II saw a community of about 18,000 develop, principally from Germany and Austria. After World War II, the majority moved on to the United States or Israel.[citation needed] See History of the Jews in China for more.
Bickers, Robert (1998). Shanghailanders: The Formation and Identity of the British Settler Community in Shanghai 1843-1937. In: Past and Present.
Journal of Modern Asian Studies 30, 2 (1996), Death of a Young Shanghailander: The Thorburn Case and the Defence of the British Treaty Ports in China in 1931. R. A. Bickers. (pp. 271–300.)