| Smoot | |
|---|---|
"364.4 smoots ± 1 ear" painted on the Harvard Bridge sidewalk in Cambridge, Massachusetts
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| General information | |
| Named after | Oliver R. Smoot |
| Conversions | |
| 1 smoot in ... | ... is equal to ... |
| imperial/US units | 5 ft 7 in |
| SI units | 1.702 m |
The smoot /ˈsmuːt/ is a nonstandard, humorous unit of length created as part of an MIT fraternity pledgetoLambda Chi AlphabyOliver R. Smoot, who in October 1958 lay down repeatedly on the Harvard Bridge between Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, so that his fraternity brothers could use his height to measure the length of the bridge.[1]
One smoot is equal to Oliver Smoot's height at the time of the prank, 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m). The bridge's length was measured to be 364.4 smoots (2,035 ft; 620.1 m)『± 1 εar』with the『±』showing measurement uncertainty and spelled with an epsilon to further indicate possible error in the measurement.[2][3] Over the years the『±』portion and『ε』spelling have gone astray in many citations, including some markings at the site itself, but the『±』is recorded on a 50th-anniversary plaque at the bridge's end.[4]
Measuring distances by the repeated prostration of one's body, moving forward each time only to the length marked by one's outstretched fingers, is an ancient religious practice in Tibet.[5]InMy Life As an Explorer Sven Hedin mentioned that it also could be a form of punishment in this region, with criminals forced to traverse very significant areas in this fashion.
Oliver R. Smoot was selected by his Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity pledgemaster because he was deemed shortest—which made measuring the bridge the most labor-intensive—and he was the "most scientifically named".[2][6] To implement his use as a unit of measure, Smoot repeatedly lay down on the bridge, let his companions mark his new position in chalk or paint, and then got up again. Eventually, he got tired from so much exercise and was carried thereafter by the fraternity brothers to each new position.[7][8]
Smoot graduated from MIT in 1962, and then attended Georgetown University Law CenterinWashington, D.C., where he obtained his Juris Doctor. He served as chairman of the American National Standards Institute from 2001 to 2002,[9] and then as president of the International Organization for Standardization from 2003 to 2004.[1][10] He is a distant relative of Nobel Prize in Physics winner George Smoot.[11][12]
Public knowledge and interest in the story began when Holiday investigated the marks on the bridge years later, and published an interview with Smoot.[6] The prank's fiftieth anniversary was commemorated on October 4, 2008, as Smoot Celebration Day at MIT, which Smoot attended.[8]
In 2011, smoot was one of the 10,000 new words added to the fifth edition of the American Heritage Dictionary.[13][14]
A 2016 April Fools' Day article by the MIT Alumni Association announced that MIT would recalibrate the smoot to 65.7500 inches (1.67005 m) and the ear to 2.48031 inches (62.999874 mm), and the bridge would thus be 372 smoots give or take 11 ears.[15]
On May 7, 2016, Smoot served as Grand Marshal of the alumni parade across the bridge, celebrating the 100th anniversary of MIT's move from BostontoCambridge.[16]
The bridge is marked with painted markings indicating how many smoots there are from where the sidewalk begins on the Charles River bank in Boston, with a number every ten smoots.[17] The marks were repainted each semester by the incoming associate member class (similar to pledge class) of Lambda Chi Alpha before they were suspended due to repeated infractions of MIT's alcohol rules.[18][19][20] Lambda Chi Alpha alumni, along with current students of MIT, have maintained the markings.[21][22]
Markings typically appear every 10 smoots (56 ft; 17 m), but additional marks appear at other numbers in between. For example, the 70-smoot (390 ft; 120 m) mark is accompanied by a mark for 69. The 182.2-smoot (1,017 ft 3 in; 310.1 m) mark is accompanied by the words "Halfway to Hell" and an arrow pointing towards MIT.
The markings are recognized as milestones on the bridge, to the degree that during bridge renovations in the 1980s, the Cambridge, Massachusetts, police department requested that the markings be restored, since they were routinely used in police reports to identify locations on the bridge. The renovators at the Massachusetts Highway Department also scored the concrete surface of the sidewalk on the bridge at 5-foot-7-inch (1.70 m) intervals instead of the conventional 6 feet (1.83 m).[23] The Lambda Zeta (MIT) chapter of Lambda Chi Alpha, which created the smoot markings, continues to repaint the markings once or twice per year.[24]
Starting in 2011, Google Earth enabled the ability to measure distance using smoots, with the standard length of 5 feet 7 inches.[25]
MIT's student-run college radio station WMBR broadcasts at a wavelength of two smoots (3.40 m), i.e. 88.1 MHz.[26]
... so they added the plus or minus, and wrote the e in ear as an epsilon. 'The epsilon referred in a cutesy way to this error measurement,' [Smoot] says. And therein lies another detail that has evolved over time: the epsilon has been lost from written accounts of the story, Smoot says, and the minus sign is often omitted as well.
Specifically noting the bridge's length of 364.4 Smoots (+/− 1 ear), the plaque, a gift of the MIT Class of 1962, honors the prank's 50th anniversary.
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