Contents

Soling

International racing sailing class

International Soling^[1]

Solings downwind during the 2019 North American Soling Championship Kingston, Ontario
Development
Designer	LINGE-DESIGN, Jan Herman LingeA/S
Location	Oslo,  Norway
Year	1964
No. built	3441 registered (about 4500 build)
Design	One-Design
Brand	World Sailing
Builder(s)	over the years per country Rudder Yachts ltd. Halvorsen, Morson & Gawland ltd. Pamcraft ltd. Abbott Boats ltd. Elvstrøm Boats A/S A/S Borresens Baadebyggeri Playvisa Vamos Veneva O/Y Dufour Fontaine-Pajot Norddeutsche Sportbootwerft Bootswerft Leonard Mader GbR. Tyler Boat Co. Petticrow Boatyard Petticrows Boatyard Hartra Crane Works C.I.M.A. Bianchi & Cecchi Ishihara Dockyard Comp. Ferro H.V.M. NV Soling Yachts A/S Jan H. Linge A/S RNYS Jim MacKay Boats ltd. T.P. Cookson Gdansk Ship and Yacht Yard Proderite ltd. Polyform Licencintorg Gemico Corporation (O'day) Plastrend Corporation Gemico-Marlow Eichenlaub Boat Comp. Most registered boats built by Abbott, Borresens and Elvstrøm.
Role	Open keelboat designed for Olympic/International regatta sailing. Also very suitable for recreational (regatta) sailing.
Name	International Soling[1]
Boat
Crew	2 or 3
Displacement	Min: 1,035 kg (2,282 lb)
Draft	1.30 m (4.3 ft)
Trapeze	Droop hiking
Hull
General	8.185 m (26.85 ft)
Type	Monohull
Construction	Fiberglass
Hull weight	Min: 1,035 kg (2,282 lb)
LOA	Min: 8.170 m (26.80 ft) Max: 8.200 m (26.90 ft)
LWL	6.10 m (20.0 ft)
Beam	1.90 m (6.2 ft)
Engine type	None
Hull appendages
General	Keel, Rudder
Keel/board type	Fixed keel
Ballast	Min: 570 kg (1,260 lb) Max: 590 kg (1,300 lb)
Rudder(s)	Balanced spade
Rig
General	Bermuda rig with high aspect ratio jib
Rig type	Aluminum or Carbon fiber
Mast length	From deck: 9.2 m (30 ft)
Rig other	Genoa's and Gennaker's are no part of the sail inventory
Sails
General	Sails shall be constructed only of wovenoffibers. Fibers other than those of polyester and non-aromatic polyamide are prohibited.
Sailplan	Sloop
Mainsail area	15.6 m2 (168 sq ft)
Jib/genoa area	8.1 m2 (87 sq ft)
Spinnaker area	Max: 45.0 m2 (484 sq ft) Min: 35.0 m2 (377 sq ft)
Upwind sail area	23.7 m2 (255 sq ft)
Downwind sail area	Max: 60.6 m2 (652 sq ft) Min: 50.6 m2 (545 sq ft)
Total sail area	68.7 m2 (739 sq ft)
Racing
Class association	International Soling Association
D-PN	82.3[2]
RYA PN	914[3]
PHRF	150 Lake Ontario[4]
Former Olympic class
[edit on Wikidata]

The Soling is an open keelboat that holds the World Sailing "International class" status.^[5] The class was used from the 1972 Olympics until the 2000 Olympics as "Open three-person keelboat". Besides the Olympic career of the Soling the boat is used for international and local regattas as well as for recreational sailing. The Soling is managed by the International Soling Association under auspician of World Sailing since 1968.

The Soling is a strong boat designed for any wind and sea condition by Jan Herman Linge from Norway in 1964.^[6] The boats are one-design originating from an authorized single plug and mould system and made of fiberglass. This together with a strict set of class rules makes competition possible on a "level playing field".^[1] Solings last a long time, and boats produced in the early days are still in competition today (more than 50 years after being built). At the 2019 North American Championship the fifth place was taken by the German team sailing a refurbished Soling which had been built in 1968.^[7] A characteristic sailing style for the Soling is the droop-hiking technique.

^[8][9]

The search was for four classes:

• A companion class for the Finn
• A complementary class to the Star
• A complementary class to the 5.5 Metre and Dragon
• Acatamaran

After the announcement, Yachting started to gather design sketches for a three persons keelboat to be used in a presentation at the November IYRU meeting. Specs were not explicitly given however the boat should be a "wholesome boat capable of being sailed from port to port in open water". What IYRU wants is a nice compromise between maximum speed and maximum seaworthiness stated Yachting. The design of the Soling was made.

After Jan Herman Linge and Finn Ferner were satisfied with the prototype (in wood) it was transformed into a plug to create a mould for production in fiberglass. At the IYRU November meeting trials for a new 3 persons keelboat were scheduled for 1966. During the winter of 1965/66 the first five fiberglass Soling's were built by Linge.

Spring was used to test the five Solings. The trials were set for Kiel specially to test and compare the entries in heavy weather. The most races were won by a wooden Shillalah. After the trials two entries were recommended by the judges, The Shillalah and, shorter than all other competitor, the Soling. In November the IYRU decided that further trials would be held in Travemünde the following year.

Some sixty boats were produced, sold and sailed in Scandinavia as a local class even before the trials took place. Trials were held with some new boats, a fiberglass Shillalah II and the Soling plus a Dragon and 5.5 Metre for speed reference. After the trials the Soling alone was recommended to the IYRU. This passed through IYRY unanimously in November and the Soling became an International class. In 1974 Shillalah II also got the International class status. Licensed builders were attracted. The International Soling Association (ISA) was established. The first president of the ISA became Eggert Benzon from Denmark.

The Olympic status for the Soling arrived after the 1968 Olympics. IYRU decided that the 5.5 Metre had to make place for the Soling in the 1972 Olympics. Meanwhile, over 300 Solings were built in Norway, Denmark, the United States and Canada and more countries would follow. The first Soling European Championship was held in Skovshoved, Denmark and won by the team of Per Spelling from Norway.^[8] 75 sailors in 25 Solings did compete.

In this period the first Soling World Championship, 261 sailors in 87 Solings did compete, was won, off the coast of Copenhagen, by the team of Paul Elvstrøm, Niels Jensen and Poul Mik-Meyer.^[8] The team had put a lot of systems and hiking gear into their boat to make it sail faster. One of the techniques was the installation of a double bottom. This in combination with bailers made the boat self-bailing. This construction however was not legal. Before the first race of the Worlds holes had to be made into the raised floor to take away the unfair advantage. Later that year changes were made to the class rules so that racing floors/double bottoms, or as they are called officially "Cockpit Soles" became legal. The first winners of an Olympic Soling gold medal,^[10] Buddy Melges, Bill Allen and Bill Bentsen^[11] from the United States made the boat "Simple" by putting a lot of the systems below deck and removing the winches and shroud tracks. Also the first North American Championship was held on Lake Michigan in front of Milwaukee. 108 sailors in 38 Solings did compete. This event was won by the team of John Dane III, Mark LeBlanc and John Cerise.^[8] At the 1972 November meeting of the IYRU the Soling was appointed as Olympic class for the 1976 Olympics.

Early 1972 Jack van Dyke from the United States became president of the ISA and he made sure that the Soling construction became under control. Then improvements were introduced one by one like hiking vests, mast steps rudders watertight compartments. The Soling became even more a one-design class. 1973 was crucial for the Soling in this respect. Poul Richard Høj Jensen, Valdemar Bandolowski and Erik Hansen from Denmark^[12] took the Gold medal during the 1976 OlympicsinKingston, Ontario.^[13] Over 2000 boats were built worldwide. Also due to the progression of the Soling the class was appointed as the Olympic three persons boat for the 1980 Olympics.

The Numbers of build Solings stayed high under the presidency of Geert Bakker, the Netherlands. Due to the high level of National and local competition the Battle for Olympic selection became more and more intense. This meant that rules were implemented for World and continental championships to keep the large fleet events fair. The introduction of gate starts, and black flag procedures were lined out, tested and implemented. Ken Berkeley introduced match racing in the Soling. Poul Richard Høj Jensen, Valdemar Bandolowski and Erik Hansen,^[14] this time sailing under the flag of the IOC, became the 1980 Olympic Champions.^[15] The 1980 Summer Olympics were heavily hit by the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott. The Soling was prolongated as the Olympic three persons boat for the 1984 Olympics.

Ken Berkeley, Australia took the role as ISA president in 1980. Most new boats were now built by Abbott Boats and Elvstrøm/Borresens Baadebyggeri with a few but fast exceptions from Bianchi & Cecchi and Bootswerft Leonard Mader. Major champions were held in North America, Europe and Australia. The level of competition remained very high. In 1983 Karl Haist from Germany became president of the ISA. The 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles,^[16] United States were won by the team of Robbie Haines, Ed Trevelyan and Rod Davis^[17] from the United States. This event was struck by the 1984 Summer Olympics boycott. Again, the Soling kept its Olympic status for the 1988 Olympics.

Karl Haist had two major objectives for his presidency: First he wanted a large Soling event in Eastern Europe. He succeeded in this by having the 1985 Soling European Championship held in Balatonfüred, Hungary and the 1986 Europeans in Warnemünde, East-Germany. The second objective, bringing the operational cost of the Soling down by reducing the number of sails during a championship, took more time. This rule was effectuated in March 1989.^[18] This rule change reduced the number of mainsails from 2 to 1 and the number of large spinnakers also back from 2 to 1. Shroud tracks were re-introduced on Solings. The 1988 Olympics were held in Busan, Korea.^[19] The Gold medals were won by the East Germany team of Jochen Schümann, Thomas Flach and Bernd Jäkel.^[20] The Soling status was prolonged as for the 1992 Olympics as the Fleet/Match racing class. In 1987 Sam Merrick became president of the ISA. In this period much was dune to make the Soling more unsinkable by Uli Strohschneider from Austria.

This period started with a failed World Championship. This was sailed in Balatonfüred, Hungary. On the first day there were heavy winds (up to 100 km/h), specially during the starting procedure. Out of 73 starters 43 made it to the first mark and only 29 boats made it to the finish! Many masts broke. NO BOATS SUNK!!!! in these extreme conditions. The next days there was hardly any wind. Only 4 races were completed, five are needed to constitute a championship.^[21] Sam Merrick was elected president in 1987. He made sure that although Match racing was introduced for the 1992 Olympics Fleet racing remained paramount so the Fleet/Match race was introduced at the 1992 Olympics. Gold was won by the Danish team of Jesper Bank, Jesper Seier and Steen Secher.^[22] This Fleet/Match race event was successful and so the Soling remained an Olympic class for another 4 years. Stuart Walker became president in 1991.

The Soling made the choice to introduce the "Pumping rule"^[23] as safety measure. This meant in general that the spinnaker guy could be pumped unlimited. President Stuart H. Walker did a lot of work to keep the number of teams in the Match race phase of the Olympics to six thus keeping Fleet racing paramount. The German team of Jochen Schüman, Thomas Flach and Bernd Jäkel^[24] won their second gold medal in the Soling during the 1996 Olympics. The Olympic status was prolonged to 2000.

György Wossala, Hungary became ISA president in 1995. The 1997 Worlds in Rungsted, Denmark did not produce enough races to constitute a valid championship due to weather conditions. Thunderstorms and large periods with no wind at all made it for the race organization impossible to get five race in. The sail plan of the Soling was modified on two points. The tolerances of the mini spinnaker were enlarged so that a more useful spinnaker could be created. Also, the top batten of the mainsail was lengthened so that profile of the top in the main could be better controlled and the lifetime of the sail was improved. Both improvements were initiated by Paul Davis. ISAF wanted to make Match racing more and more important at the Olympics. So for the 2000 Olympics only 16 Solings were eligible to compete in the Fleet race phase and 12 of them would move on to the Match race phase. The spectacular, popular and many times viewed finals^[25] were between the teams of Germany and Denmark. Both teams did barely make it into the Match race phase (resp. 10 and 12 place in the Fleet race phase). Finally the Danish team of Jesper Bank, Henrik Blakskjær and Thomas Jacobsen took the gold medal.^[26] During the ISAF 2000 mid-year it was decided that the Fleet/Match race event was prolonged for another four years. However, during the ISAF 2000 November meeting, the Soling was NOT re-elected as an Olympic class. There was no match racing on the Olympic agenda anymore until 2012 Olympics. In 1999 Tony Clare, Great Britain became president of the ISA.

However, despite the publicity that was generated for the Olympic sailing event by the fleet/Match race event it disappeared from the Olympic agenda for 2004. And the Soling had to face the fact that many of her top sailors had disappeared to other Olympic disciplines or had quit sailing in general within a few months. Another setback of the class was that Tony Clare was severely injured during a horseback riding incident. Rose Hoeksema, United States took over as president and did a good job of holding the International and National Soling sailors within the class as well as possible. Worlds and continental events were organized as usual and with sufficient participation. The third disaster struck in 2006 when the Abbott Boats ltd. Sarnia, Canada went up in flames.^[27] Borresens Baadebyggeri Denmark however started to build boats in a joint venture in Argentina to build Solings.

Johan Offermans, The Netherlands became president for an unprecedented 7 years. During his presidency he provided stimulation to pick up International travel again. Also, the preparations for the 50th anniversary of the class were started. Jan Herman Linge died at the age of 85 in Asker, Norway.^[28] In 2014 Peter Hall took over the presidency. The 50th anniversary of the class was celebrated during the 2015 World Championship in Castiglione della Pescaia, Italy. Over 135 competitors were present from 14 countries and three continents.^[29] The first production Soling "N 1" was on display at the harbor site. Soling production was renewed at the Petticrows Boatyard, United Kingdom.

In 2017 Michael Dietzel was elected president of the ISA. In 2017 it became clear that there were no longer vendors of suitable aluminum Soling spars any more word wide. Han van Veen, The Netherlands, created and executed a plan to introduce Carbon spars for the Soling. The objective was that the new masts would be cheaper and not lighter or faster than the aluminum masts. The first masts were produced by Ceilidh^[30] in The Netherlands and tested in 2018 they proved to be cheaper and equal to the original masts. The one-design of the Soling remain intact. The new mast were approved by World Sailing in 2019. In 2020 the Carbon boom and spinnaker pole were approved as well.^[1][31] In 2020 the Soling North American ChampionshipinAnnapolis, United States, the Friendship League Championship in Brazil and many other Soling regatta's word wide were postponed due to COVID-19.^[32]

Over the years about 4500 Solings were built. About 3700 of them were registered. The growth in the late 1960s and early 1970s was high. Then it stabilized. Since 2000 hardly any boats were built.^{[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]}

Over the years the following 36 boat builders in 21 countries were licensed to build Solings:

Australia	Canada	Denmark	Spain	Finland	France	West Germany	Great Britain	East Germany	Hungary	Italy
AUS Halvorsen, Morson & Gawland ltd. Pamcraft ltd. Rudder Yachts ltd.	CAN Abbott Boats ltd.	DEN A/S Borresens Baadebyggeri Elvstrøm Boats A/S	ESP Playvisa	FIN Vamos Veneva O/Y	FRA Dufour Fontaine-Pajot	FRG Bootswerft Leonard Mader GbR. Norddeutsche Sportbootwerft	GBR Petticrow Boatyard Petticrows Boatyard Tyler Boat Co.	GDR Hartra	HUN Crane Works	ITA Bianchi & Cecchi C.I.M.A.
Japan	Mexico	Netherlands	Norway	New Zealand	Poland	South Africa	Switzerland	Soviet Union	United States
JPN Ishihara Dockyard Comp.	MEX Ferro	NED H.V.M. NV	NOR [47] Jan H. Linge A/S Soling Yachts A/S	NZL Jim MacKay Boats ltd. RNYS T.P. Cookson	POL Gdansk Ship and Yacht Yard	RSA Proderite ltd.	SUI Polyform	URS Licencintorg	USA Eichenlaub Boat Comp. Gemico Corporation (O'day) Gemico-Marlow Plastrend Corporation

Year v t e	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1972 Kiel details	United States (USA) Buddy Melges William Allen William Bentsen	Sweden (SWE) Stig Wennerström Stefan Krook Lennart Roslund Race 1 - 4 Bo Knape Race 5 &6	Canada (CAN) David Miller Paul Côté John Ekels
1976 Kingston details	Denmark (DEN) Poul Richard Høj Jensen Valdemar Bandolowski Erik Hansen	United States (USA) John Kolius Walter Glasgow Richard Hoepfner	East Germany (GDR) Dieter Below Olaf Engelhardt Michael Zachries
1980 Tallinn details	Denmark (DEN) Poul Richard Høj Jensen Valdemar Bandolowski Erik Hansen	Soviet Union (URS) Boris Budnikov Aleksandr Budnikov Nikolay Polyakov	Greece (GRE) Tassos Boudouris Anastasios Gavrilis Aristidis Rapanakis
1984 Los Angeles details	United States (USA) Robbie Haines Ed Trevalyan Rod Davis	Brazil (BRA) Torben Grael Daniel Adler Ronaldo Senfft	Canada (CAN) Hans Fogh Steve Calder John Kerr
1988 Busan details	East Germany (GDR) Jochen Schümann Thomas Flach Bernd Jäkel	United States (USA) John Kostecki Bob Billingham William Baylis	Denmark (DEN) Jesper Bank Jan Mathiasen Steen Secher
1992 Barcelona details	Denmark (DEN) Jesper Bank Jesper Seier Steen Secher	United States (USA) Kevin Mahaney Jim Brady Doug Kern	Great Britain (GBR) Lawrie Smith Robert Cruikshank Ossie Stewart
1996 Savannah details	Germany (GER) Jochen Schümann Thomas Flach Bernd Jäkel	Russia (RUS) Georgy Shayduko Dmitry Shabanov Igor Skalin	United States (USA) Jeff Madrigali Jim Barton Kent Massey
2000 Sydney details	Denmark (DEN) Jesper Bank Henrik Blakskjær Thomas Jacobsen	Germany (GER) Jochen Schümann Gunnar Bahr Ingo Borkowski	Norway (NOR) Herman Horn Johannessen Paul Davis Espen Stokkeland

Medal tally

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Denmark (DEN)	4	0	1	5
2	United States (USA)	2	3	1	6
3	Germany (GER)	1	1	0	2
4	East Germany (GDR)	1	0	1	2
5	Brazil (BRA)	0	1	0	1
	Russia (RUS)	0	1	0	1
	Soviet Union (URS)	0	1	0	1
	Sweden (SWE)	0	1	0	1
9	Canada (CAN)	0	0	2	2
10	Great Britain (GBR)	0	0	1	1
	Greece (GRE)	0	0	1	1
	Norway (NOR)	0	0	1	1
Totals (12 entries)		8	8	8	24

Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1979 San Juan [49]	United States Dave Curtis David Barton Jamie McCreary	Brazil Eduardo Ramos	Canada Jim Beatty
1983 Caracas [50]	Brazil Torben Grael	Canada Bill Abbott Jr.	United States Dave Perry
1987 Indianapolis	United States	Canada	Brazil

Medal tally

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	United States (USA)	2	0	1	3
2	Brazil (BRA)	1	1	1	3
3	Canada (CAN)	0	2	1	3
Totals (3 entries)		3	3	3	9

Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
2008 Medemblik	NED Rudy den Outer Leo Determan Ronald den Arend	Wildcard (NED) Steven Bakker Sven Coster Race 1–3 Dick Coster Race 4–6 Joost Houweling	GER Holger Weichert Laurent Scheel Martin Setzkorn
2012 Bellano	UKR Igor Yushko Serhiy Pichuhin Dmitriy Yarmolenka	NED Rudy den Outer Gavin Lidlow Ramzi Souli	AUT Peter Neumann Rudolf Rager Rudolf Hubauer
2018 Hellerup	NED Rudy den Outer Theo de Lange Gabor Helmhout	CAN Peter Hall Johan Offermans Gord de Vries	UKR Igor Yushko Serhiy Pichuhin Serhiy Ivansits

Medal tally

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Netherlands (NED)	2	2	0	4
2	Ukraine (UKR)	1	0	1	2
3	Canada (CAN)	0	1	0	1
4	Austria (AUT)	0	0	1	1
	Germany (GER)	0	0	1	1
Totals (5 entries)		3	3	3	9

Year v t e	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1969  Denmark Copenhagen details	Denmark Paul Elvstrøm Niels Jensen Poul Mik-Meyer	Sweden Pelle Petterson Crew not documented	United States Ding Schoonmaker Crew not documented
1970  United Kingdom Poole details	Sweden Stig Wennerström Stefan Krook Jan Lybeck	United States John Dane III Mark LeBlanc John Cerise	Great Britain John Oakeley Crew not documented
1971  United States Oyster Bay, New York details	United States Bob Mosbacher Thad Hutcheson Tom Dickey	United States Bruce Goldsmith Crew not documented	Denmark Paul Elvstrøm Valdemar Bandolowski Niels Jensen
1972	Not held due to Olympic Games
1973  France Quiberon details	Denmark Ib Ussing Andersen Jørgen Lindhasten Hans Winther	Denmark Poul Richard Høj Jensen Crew not documented	Sweden Stig Wennerström Stefan Krook Jan Lybeck
1974  Australia Sydney details	Denmark Paul Elvstrøm Hans Fogh Bruce McCurrach  South Africa	Australia David Forbes Denis O'Neil John Anderson	Sweden Arved von Grünewaldt Tommy Nilsson Hjalmar Schibbye
1975  United States Chicago details	United States Bill Buchan Craig Thomas Joe Golberg	United States Buddy Melges Crew not documented	United States John Kolius Walter Glasgow Richard Hoepfner
1976	Not held due to Olympic Games
1977  Norway Hankø details	Canada Glen Dexter Andreas Josenhans Sandy MacMillan	Denmark Valdemar Bandolowski Jørgen Lindhasten Erik Hermann Hansen	Brazil Gastão Brun Vicente Brun Roberto Martins
1978  Brazil Rio de Janeiro details	Brazil Gastão Brun Vicente Brun Roberto Martins	Canada Glen Dexter Andreas Josenhans Sandy MacMillan	Canada Hans Fogh John Kerr Dennis Toews
1979  Sweden Visby details	United States Robbie Haines Rod Davis Ed Trevelyan	Denmark Poul Richard Høj Jensen Crew not documented	Sweden Stig Wennerström Crew not documented
1980  Puerto Rico Ponce details	Canada Glen Dexter Andreas Josenhans Sandy MacMillan	United States Robbie Haines Rod Davis Ed Trevelyan	United States Buddy Melges Crew not documented
1981  Italy Anzio details	Brazil Vincente Brun Gastão Brun Steven Bakker  Netherlands	Greece Tassos Boudouris Antonios Bountouris Dimitrios Deligiann	Italy Gianluca Lamaro Valerio Romano Aurelio Dalla Vecchia
1982  Australia Fremantle details	Australia Mark Bethwaite Ian McDiarmid Glen Read	Australia William Packer Ian Campbell Robert Hardy	United States Dave Perry Brad Dellenbaugh Ed Travelyan
1983  United States Berkeley Circle details	United States Robbie Haines Vicente Brun Robert Kinney	United States Dave Curtis John Engel Wally Corwin	Australia Peter Gilmour Crew not documented
1984  Italy Torbole details	Denmark Valdemar Bandolowski Steve Calder Theis Palm	Soviet Union Boris Budnikov Gennadi Strakh Oleg Miron	East Germany Helmar Nauck Norbert Hellriegel Sven Diedering
1985  Canada Sarnia details	United States Dave Curtis John Engel Wally Corwin	Brazil Torben Grael Daniel Adler Ronaldo Senfft	United States John Kosteckil William Baylis Robert Billingham
1986  France La Trinite-sur-Mer details	United States John Kostecki William Baylis Robert Billingham	United States David Curtis John Engel Wally Corwin	East Germany Jochen Schümann Thomas Flach Bernd Jäkel
1987  West Germany Schilksee, Kiel details	East Germany Helmar Nauck Norbert Hellriegel Sven Diedering	United States John Kostecki William Baylis Robert Billingham	Soviet Union Georgy Shayduko Nikolay Polyakov Sergey Kanov
1988 Melbourne	United States John Kostecki William Baylis Bob Billingham	United States Dave Curtis Paul Murphy Wally Corwin	Australia Gary Sheard Crew not documented
1989  Hungary Balatonfüred	No champion decided due to insufficient wind conditions (less than 5 races)
1990 Medemblik	France Marc Bouet Fabrice Levet Alain Pointet	United States Kevin Mahaney James Brady Douglas Kern	East Germany Helmar Nauck Norbert Hellriegel Sven Diedering
1991 Rochester	United States Larry Klein Chris Redman Ron Rosenberg	Germany Jochen Schümann Thomas Flach Bernd Jäkel	United States Kevin P. Mahaney James Brady Douglas Kern
1992 Cadiz	Germany Jochen Schümann Thomas Flach Bernd Jäkel	Denmark Jesper Bank Jesper Seier Steen Secher	Sweden Magnus Holmberg Björn Alm Johan Barne
1993 Phaleron	Greece Tassos Boudouris Dimitrios Deligiannis Leo Pelekanakis	Germany Albert Batzill Lang Eddy Eich	Spain Luis Doreste Domingo Manrique David Vera
1994 Helsingfors	Spain Manuel Doreste José Valades Juan Galmes	Denmark Jesper Bank Kræn Nielsen Thomas Jacobsen	United States Jeff Madrigali Kent Massey James Barton
1995 Kingston	Spain Luis Doreste Domingo Manrique David Vera	Sweden Magnus Holmberg Björn Alm Johan Barne	United States Matt Hayes Stephen McConaghy Barry Watson
1996 Punta Ala	Russia Georgy Shayduko Igor Skalin Dmitri Shabanov	Italy Mario Celon Torboli Nicola Celon	Germany Jochen Schümann Thomas Flach Bernd Jäkel
1997  Denmark Copenhagen	No champion decided due to insufficient wind conditions (less than 5 races)
1998 Milwaukee	Russia Georgy Shayduko Sergey Volchkov Pavel Komarov	Ukraine Serhiy Pichuhin Volodymyr Korotkov Serhiy Timokhov	Italy Paolo Cian Pierluigi Colannino
1999 Melbourne	Denmark Stig Westergaard Jens Bojsen-Møller Bjørn Westergaard	Germany Jochen Schümann Gunnar Bahr Ingo Borkowski	Netherlands Roy Heiner Peter van Niekerk Dirk de Ridder
2000 Murcia	United States Jeff Madrigali Hartwell Jordan Craig Healy	Ukraine Serhiy Pichuhin Volodymyr Korotkov Serhiy Timokhov	Sweden Hans Wallén Magnus Augustson Johan Barne
2001 San Isidro	Argentina Gustavo Warburg Hernán Celedoni Maximo Smith	Argentina Luis Cerrato Federico Haymes Biedma Fabio Scarpati	Argentina Martín Busch Pablo Noceti Ismael Ayerza
2002 Marblehead	Canada Bill Abbott, Jr. Paul Davis William Abbott	United States Dave Curtis George Iverson Ben Richardson	United States Dave Franzel Dave Carlson Maximo Smith
2003 Balaton	Ukraine Serhiy Pichuhin Sergej Timostschow Dmitri Jarowoj	Germany Thomas Maschkiwitz Christoph Sauerbier Knut Seelig	Germany Heiko Winkler Stefan Wenzel Jens Niemann
2004 Porto Alegre	Argentina Gustavo Warburg Hernán Celedoni Maximo Smith	Hungary George Wossala Leslie Kovacsi Pepe Nemeth	Brazil George Nehm Marcos Pinto Ribeiro Lucio Pinto Ribeiro
2005 Castiglioni della Pescaia	Germany Roman Koch Maxl Koch Gregor Bornemann	Slovenia Boštjan Antončič Gennadi Strakh Zeljko Perovic	Hungary Balazs Gyenese Gyula Mónus Károly Vezér
2006 Annapolis	Canada Hans Fogh Roger Cheer Gordon Devries	Canada Peter Hall Philip Karrigan Jay Deakin	Argentina Gustavo Warburg Maximo Smith Miguel Lacour
2007 San Isidoro	Brazil George Nehm Marcos Pinto Ribeiro Lucio Pinto Ribeiro	Brazil Cicero Hartmann Flávio Quevedo Andre Renard	Argentina Martin Busch Tomas Peuvrel Maximo Feldtmann
2008 Scarlino	Slovenia Boštjan Antončič Gennadi Strakh Karlo Hmeljak	Argentina Gustavo Warburg Hernán Celedoni Maximo Smith	Argentina Martin Busch Tomas Peuvrel Maximo Feldtmann
2009 Toronto	Canada Bill Abbott, Jr. Paul Davis Joanne Abbott	Germany Roman Koch Maxl Koch Gregor Bornemann	Canada Peter Hall Phillip Kerrigan Gavin Flinn
2010 Porto Alegre	Germany Roman Koch Maxl Koch Gregor Bornemann	Argentina Gustavo Warburg Hernán Celedoni Maximo Smith	Brazil Cicero Hartmann Flávio Quevedo Andre Renard
2011 Prien am Chiemsee details	Canada Peter Hall Paul Davis Phillip Kerrigan	Hungary George Wossala Károly Vezér Pepe Nemeth	Brazil Nelson Ilha Paulo Lemos Ribeiro Felipe Ilha
2012 Milwaukee	Canada Peter Hall Paul Davis William Hall	Canada Hans Fogh John Finch Gordon Devries	Canada Bill Abbott, Jr. Joanne Abbott Tom Freeman
2013 Balatonalmádi	Hungary Farkas Litkey Károly Vezér Csaba Weinhardt	Canada Peter Hall Paul Davis William Hall	Brazil Nelson Ilha Felipe Ilha Fernando Ilha
2014 Punta del Este	Canada Peter Hall Johan Offermans  Netherlands William Hall	Brazil Cicero Hartmann Flávio Quevedo Andre Renard	Argentina Martin Busch Eduardo Zimmermann Maximo Feldtmann
2015 Castiglione della Pescaia	Hungary Litkey Farkas Károly Vezér Weinhardt Csaba	Canada Bill Abbott, Jr. Joanne Abbott William Abbott	Austria Florian Felzmann Michael Felzmann Margund Schuh
2016 Kingston	Canada Bill Abbott, Jr. Joanne Abbott Scott McNeill	Brazil Nelson Ilha Manfredo Florick Gustavo Ilha	Canada Thomas Fogh Roger Cheer Gord Devries
2017 Muiden	Hungary Litkey Farkas Károly Vezér Gábor Oroszlán	Brazil Nelson Ilha Manfredo Flöricke Carlo de Leo	Ukraine Igor Yushko Serhiy Pichuhin Igor Severjanov
2018	Argentina Gustavo Warburg Hernán Celedoni Tomas Roldan	Brazil Cicero Hartmann Frederico Sidou Andre Renard	Brazil George Nehm Marcos Pinto Ribeiro Alexandre Mueller
2019 La Baule	Hungary Litkey Farkas Kristóf Joó Pepe Nemeth	Brazil Nelson Ilha Manfredo Flöricke Gustavo Ilha	Finland Eki Heinonen Gabor Helmhout  Netherlands Ties Verploegh  Netherlands
2020 Milwaukee	Postponed due to COVID-19 till 2021
2021 Milwaukee	Postponed due to COVID-19 till 2023
2022 Chiemsee	2 - 7 May Chiemsee Yacht Club Germany	No champion decided due to insufficient wind conditions (Zero races!)
2023 Milwaukee	17-23 September	Milwaukee Yacht Club	United States