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| Spur-winged lapwing | |
|---|---|
| |
| Upper side of wings - note the spurs on the leading edge of the carpal joint | |
| Calls recorded at Lake Turkana, Kenya | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Charadriiformes |
| Family: | Charadriidae |
| Genus: | Vanellus |
| Species: |
V. spinosus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Vanellus spinosus | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Charadrius spinosus Linnaeus, 1758 | |
The spur-winged lapwingorspur-winged plover (Vanellus spinosus) is a lapwing species, one of a group of largish waders in the family Charadriidae.
The spur-winged lapwing was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with the plovers in the genus Charadrius and coined the binomial name Charadrius spinosus. He specified the type locality as Egypt.[2][3] The specific epithet is from Latin meaning "thorny" (from spina meaning "thorn").[4] Linnaeus based his account on a description by the Swedish naturalist Fredrik Hasselquist that had been published in 1757.[5] The spur-winged lapwing is now one of 23 species placed in the genus Vanellus that was introduced in 1760 by the French naturalist Mathurin Jacques Brisson. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[6]
These are conspicuous and unmistakable birds. They are medium-large waders with black crown, chest, foreneck stripe and tail. The face, the rest of the neck and belly are white and the wings and back are light brown. The bill and legs are black. Its striking appearance is supplemented by its noisy nature, with a loud did-he-do-it call. The bird's common name refers to a small claw or spur hidden in each of its wings.
The spur-winged lapwing breeds around the eastern Mediterranean, and in a wide band from sub-Saharan west AfricatoArabia. The Greek and Turkish breeders are migratory, but other populations are resident. The species is declining in its northern range, but is abundant in much of tropical Africa, being seen at almost any wetland habitat in its range. The spur-winged lapwing is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds applies.[citation needed]
In eastern and southern Africa the species has seen a range increase, entering Zambia for the first time in 1999 and spreading south and west.[7]
This species has a preference for marshes and similar freshwater wetland habitats. The food of the spur-winged lapwing is insects and other invertebrates, which are picked from the ground.
It lays four blotchy yellowish eggs on a ground scrape. The spur-winged lapwing is known to sometimes use the wing-claws in an attack on animals and, rarely, people, who get too close to the birds' exposed offspring.
The "spur-winged plover" was identified by Henry Scherren as the "trochilus" bird said by the Greek historian Herodotus[8] to be involved in what would now be called a cleaning symbiosis with the Nile crocodile.[9] However, there is no reliable evidence that this or any other species in fact has such a relationship,[10] although Cott does record that spur-winged plovers are the birds that most often feed around basking crocodiles, and are tolerated by them.[11]
Mr. J.M. Cook, of the celebrated tourist agency, when in Egypt in 1876, "watched one of these birds, and saw it deliberately go up to a crocodile, apparently asleep, which opened its jaws. The bird hopped in, and the crocodile closed its jaws. In what appeared to be a very short time, probably not more than a minute or two, the crocodile opened its jaws, and we saw the bird go down to the water's edge." There were several of these birds about, and Mr. Cook shot two of them, which Dr. Sclater identified as Spur-winged Plovers; so that the question as to what bird enters the mouth of the crocodile is now set at rest.
