He had an early effect on the direction that American psychiatry took during the mid- to late-twentieth century. With Theodore Lidz and Alice Cornelison, he was a co-author of the seminal book Schizophrenia and the Family (1965), a significant influence on the modern psychiatric thought and practice regarding the origins and treatments of schizophrenia.
One of four sons and one daughter born in Frankfurt, Germany, to Georg and Anna Fleck, he was a young medical student in 1933 when a professor warned him and several other Jewish students that there were Nazi warrants out for their arrests. Fleck and most of his immediate family fled Hitler's Germany, first to The Netherlands and then, in 1935, to Boston, Massachusetts, where he became a U.S. citizen.
In 1941, Fleck enlisted in the U.S. Army Medical Corps and rose to the rank of captain. He was first stationed as a medical officer at Camp Aliceville, a U.S. Army Prisoner of War Camp at Aliceville, Alabama, where he was involved in treating a diphtheria epidemic that spread quickly among the prisoners.[3] Among the Nazi prisoners were a number of Rommel Corps soldiers, some of whom, even while incarcerated in west central Alabama, attempted to assassinate other Nazis they saw as having been disloyal to the Third Reich. Since Fleck kept his national origin and fluency in German secret from the prisoners, he was able to prevent some of these plotted murders.[4]
He was subsequently shipped to the European Theater, and first posted in England in Army camp hospitals. Just before D-Day, Fleck was posted to Bournemouth, England, to await transport over the channel with the medical (ambulance) corps. While in Bournemouth, he met Louise Harlan, an American Red Cross volunteer. Fleck stayed with ambulance corps attached to the 72nd[citation needed] and 76th Divisions as they moved through Belgium. He was present at the Battle of the Bulge and afterward was briefly in charge of the medical needs of some 30,000 captured German soldiers. Subsequently, he was involved in interrogating POWs and evacuating and treating concentration camp prisoners; he also traveled to several camps to search for records or other signs of surviving friends and extended family.
Fleck and Lidz "worked from the late 1940s on to change the direction of psychiatry from the purely psychoanalytic to a specialty incorporating social-scientific methodology, medical, behavioral, neurological and public-health factors, and especially familial considerations."[1] They focused their long-term research on patients with schizophrenia and their families, culminating in the 1966 publication of the ground-breaking Schizophrenia and the Family, for which Lidz, Fleck and Cornelison won the 1985 American Family Therapy Academy "Pioneering Contribution to Family Therapy" award.[6] In addition to his research, professorial, and supervisory roles at the school of medicine, Fleck was also chief psychiatrist at both the Yale Psychiatric Institute and the Connecticut Mental Health Center.[7]
Fleck officially retired from Yale in 1983 but continued to publish and to consult on colleagues' cases until a few months before his 2002 death. The Stephen Fleck Clinician and Teacher Award at the Yale School of Medicine is named in his honor.[8]
The Flecks had three children in quick succession: Anna Lou (b. 1947), Stephen Harlan (b. 1948), and Carra Ruth (b. 1949). Together, the Flecks were campaigners for legalized birth control and abortion, participating in the activism that led to the landmark 1965 Supreme Court decision Griswold v. Connecticut. Louise Fleck had grown up in Nome, Alaska among other places, and had traveled and worked internationally before and after World War II receiving a BA (honors) in Spanish from the University of Washington. In New Haven, she became active in public school issues, and acquired an MAT-Reading. She tutored many illiterate adults, generally without fee. She and Stephen were married for almost 50 years until her death in 1992.
Fleck, Stephen; Kellam, John W.; Klippen, Arthur J. (March 1944). "Diphtheria Among German Prisoners of War". Bulletin of the United States Army Medical Department (74): 80–89.
Lidz, Theodore; Cornelison, Alice; Fleck, Stephen; Terry, Dorothy (1957). "The interfamilial environment of the schizophrenic patient I: The father". Psychiatry. 20 (4): 329–342. doi:10.1080/00332747.1957.11023099. PMID13494602.
Lidz, Theodore; Fleck, Stephen; Cornelison, Alice (1965). Schizophrenia and the Family. International Universities Press. ISBN082366001X.
Fleck, Stephen (1971). "'Interracial Riots' in School and Community Indifference". The School Review. 79 (4). The University of Chicago Press: 614–623. doi:10.1086/443004. S2CID143554701.
Strauss, John S.; Bowers, Malcolm; Downey, T. Wayne; Fleck, Stephen; Jackson, Stanley; Levine, Ira, eds. (1980). The Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia (Plenum).
Pruett, Kyle Dean; Fleck, Stephen (1984). Familial Developmental Lines: Anna Freud's Concept of Developmental Lines and Family Dynamics. American Academy of Child Psychiatry Annual Meeting. Toronto, Canada.
Fleck, Stephen (May 2000). "Review of The Art of Psychotherapy: Case Studies From the Family Therapy Networker, edited by Richard Simon, et al. (New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1999)". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 157: 846. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.846.
Silver, M.D., Ann-Louise S. "Stephen Fleck, 1912-2002" A Stephen Fleck memorial page at the website for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other Psychoses. Accessed April 26, 2007.
