Pro-German rebellion against Czechoslovakian government
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Freikorps: as of 1 October according to Köchling[3] 52 dead, 65 wounded, 19 missing Total: according to Frajdl ca. 200 dead[4]
Security forces: 95 dead: 69 in September, 26 in October; hundreds wounded[5] Civilians: unknown[Note 1] Total: as of 1 October according to Köchling[3] 110 dead, 2,029 captured[Note 2]
On 10 September 1938, all district organizations of the SdP received an order from Nuremberg to start protests and provocations. On 11 September, Henlein's supporters clashed with policemen and gendarmes in Cheb, Liberec, Teplice, and other places.[19] On the evening of 12 September, Sudeten Germans listened en masse to Hitler's radio speech accusing Czechoslovakia of torturing and oppressing the German minority. This speech sparked a wave of violence against Czechs, Jews and Sudeten German anti-fascists in the borderlands.[20] On the morning of 13 September, the pre-planned armed uprising began with incidents such as the clash at Habersbirk and the first casualties being reported,[21] amounting to 37 dead as of 15 September.[22] By 14 September, the uprising was partially suppressed due to declaration of martial law, deployment of the military and reinforcement of the State Defence Guard.[9][23] Nevertheless, unrest in the border regions continued.[24]
Following the failed coup, the second phase of uprising began on 17 September with activities of Sudetendeutsches Freikorps,[25][26]aparamilitary organization of Sudeten Germans formed in Germany. Its task was to continue fighting and conducting terrorist acts.[27] According to the 1944 declaration of Czechoslovak government-in-exile, Czechoslovakia was in a state of war with the Third Reich from 17 September 1938.[28] After numerous shootouts on 20 and 21 September, the rebellion broke again on 22 September when riots flared in other areas of Moravia and Silesia.[29] In some cases, regular German units of Abwehr, SA and SS participated in combat, terrorist and sabotage actions.[30][31]
Czechoslovak authorities responded by securing the border with Germany.[32] Mobile army units reinforced by light tanks and armoured cars restored order in regions such as Cheb, Frýdlant, Šluknov, or Varnsdorf, resulting in a decline of insurgency activities. Realising what the Freikorps had done, many Sudeten Germans escaped across the border into Germany.[33] Following the stepping up of Hitler's demands, mobilization of the Czechoslovak army was carried out on 23 September. Several counter-insurgency actions had to be revoked because the military units assumed defensive positions further inland.[34]
With the signing of Munich Agreement the uprising was practically over, yet the violent incidents occurred occasionally even in October, the last one in Moravská Chrastová on 31 October. On 30 September, combat actions of the Freikorps were formally ended by an order No. 30. Nevertheless, Henlein's supporters continued in their attacks on retreating Czechoslovaks.[35] On 1 October, Freikorps issued an order to “eliminate fleeing leftists and Czechs.”[36] More than 200,000 people, mostly Czechs but also Jews and Sudeten German anti-fascists, fled from Sudetenland in fear of the Nazis.[37]
^As stated by Suchánek and Beneš: "Nowadays, no one can figure up the [exact] number of killed Czechoslovak civilians."[6]
^This figure includes servicemen, railwaymen, postal officers and members of their families.
^The term sudetoněmecké povstání is used by these sources:[7][8][9][10] Other sources use terms such as povstání Němců v Čechách a na Moravě,[11]povstání českých Němců,[12]orpovstání sudetoněmeckého obyvatelstva.[13]
^Frajdl, Jiří (2003). Stráž obrany státu při obraně republiky 1938-1939 [State Defence Guard in Defence of the Republic 1938–1939] (in Czech). Prague: Historická a dokumentační komise Klubu českého pohraničí in cooperation with Křesťanskosociální hnutí.
^Straka, Karel (7 October 2013). "Byl henleinovský pokus o puč v září 1938 očekáván?" [Was the Henlein's attempted coup in September 1938 a surprise?]. army.cz (in Czech). Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
Bružeňák, Vladimír; Macke, Josef (2017). Morový rok : kronika tragického roku 1938 na Sokolovsku a Karlovarsku - 1. díl - Sokolovsko [Plague Year: a chronicle of the tragic year of 1938 in Sokolov and Karlovy Vary regions - Volume 1 - Sokolov Region] (in Czech). Cheb: Svět křídel. ISBN978-80-7573-021-3.
Bružeňák, Vladimír; Macke, Josef (2017). Morový rok : kronika tragického roku 1938 na Sokolovsku a Karlovarsku - 2. díl - Karlovarsko [Plague Year: a chronicle of the tragic year of 1938 in Sokolov and Carlsbad regions - Volume 2 - Carlsbad Region] (in Czech). Cheb: Svět křídel. ISBN978-80-7573-025-1.
Hruška, Emil (2013). Boj o pohraničí : Sudetoněmecký Freikorps v roce 1938 [Conflict in Borderlands: Sudetendeutsches Freikorps in 1938] (in Czech). Prague: Nakladatelství Epocha a Pražská vydavatelská společnost. ISBN978-80-7425-194-8.
Junek, Václav (2013). Hitler před branami : literární dokument o povstání Němců v Čechách a na Moravě v roce 1938 a o cestě k němu [Hitler at the Gates: literary documentary about the uprising of the Germans in Bohemia and Moravia in 1938 and the path to it] (in Czech). Velké Přílepy: Olympia. ISBN978-80-7376-349-7.
Junek, Václav (2016). Malé (velké) války 20. století a dál... [Small (Large) Wars of 20th Century and Beyond] (in Czech). Prague: Petrklíč. ISBN978-80-7229-322-3.
Motl, Stanislav (2015). Válka před válkou : krvavý podzim 1938 v Čechách a na Moravě [War Before The War: bloody autumn of 1938 in Bohemia and Moravia] (in Czech). Prague: Rybka Publishers. ISBN978-80-87950-21-0.
Suchánek, Jiří; Beneš, Jaroslav (2018). Mobilizace ve fotografii : Armáda a Stráž obrany státu v letech 1938–1939 [Mobilization in Photography: Army and the State Defence Guard 1938–1939] (in Czech). Brno: Extra Publishing. ISBN978-80-7525-159-6.
Šrámek, Pavel (2008). Ve stínu Mnichova : z historie československé armády 1932-1939 [In the Shadow of Munich: From the History of Czechoslovak Army 1932–1939] (in Czech). Prague: Mladá fronta. ISBN978-80-204-1848-7.