Tachypnea, also spelt tachypnoea, is a respiratory rate greater than normal, resulting in abnormally rapid and shallow breathing.[1]
In adult humans at rest, any respiratory rate of 12–20 per minute is considered clinically normal, with tachypnea being any rate above that.[2] Children have significantly higher resting ventilatory rates, which decline rapidly during the first three years of life and then steadily until around 18 years. Tachypnea can be an early indicator of pneumonia and other lung diseases in children, and is often an outcome of a brain injury.
Different sources produce different classifications for breathing terms.
Some of the public[who?] describe tachypnea as any rapid breathing. Hyperventilation is then described as increased ventilation of the alveoli (which can occur through increased rate or depth of breathing, or a mix of both) where there is a smaller rise in metabolic carbon dioxide relative to this increase in ventilation. Hyperpnea, on the other hand, is defined as breathing an increased volume of air, with or without an increase in respiration rate.[1]
Others give another classification: tachypnea is as any rapid breathing, hyperventilation is increased rate of breathing at rest, hyperpnea is an increase in breathing that is appropriately proportional to an increase in metabolic rate.[3]
A third paradigm is: tachypnea is abnormally rapid and shallow respiration (though some may argue this is inaccurate as breathing differs from respiration), hyperventilation is increased rate or depth of respiration to abnormal levels causing decreased levels of blood carbon dioxide and hyperpnea is any increase in breathing rate or depth that is not normal.[4]
^Martin EA, ed. (2003). Oxford concise medical dictionary (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 333–4. ISBN0-19-860753-9.
^"tachypnea". Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. Saunders. 2007.
^ abcdefgDeMuri GP, Gern JE, Moyer SC, Lindstrom MJ, Lynch SV, Wald ER (April 2016). "Clinical Features, Virus Identification, and Sinusitis as a Complication of Upper Respiratory Tract Illness in Children Ages 4-7 Years". In Long SS, Prober CG, Fischer M (eds.). The Journal of Pediatrics. Vol. 171 (Fifth ed.). Elsevier. pp. 133–9.e1. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-40181-4.00021-9. ISBN978-0-323-40181-4. PMC7173486. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
The dictionary definition of tachypnea at Wiktionary
