Tactile corpusclesorMeissner's corpuscles are a type of mechanoreceptor discovered by anatomistGeorg Meissner (1829–1905) and Rudolf Wagner.[1][2] This corpuscle is a type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to pressure. In particular, they have their highest sensitivity (lowest threshold) when sensing vibrations between 10 and 50 hertz. They are rapidly adaptive receptors. They are most concentrated in thick hairless skin, especially at the finger pads.
Tactile corpuscles are encapsulated myelinatednerve endings,[3] surrounded by Schwann cells.[3] The encapsulation consists of flattened supportive cells arranged as horizontal lamellae surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. The corpuscle is 30–140 μm in length and 40–60 μm in diameter. A single nerve fiber meanders between the lamellae and throughout the corpuscle.[citation needed]
They are distributed on various areas of the skin, but concentrated in areas especially sensitive to light touch, such as the fingers, lips and male prepuce.[4][5][6][7][8][9]
More specifically, they are primarily located in glabrous skin just beneath the epidermis within the dermal papillae.[10]
Feelings of deep pressure (from a poke, for instance) are generated from lamellar corpuscles (the only other type of phasic tactile mechanoreceptor), which are located deeper in the dermis, and some free nerve endings.
The number of tactile corpuscles per square millimeter of human skin on the fingertips drops fourfold[clarification needed] between the ages of 12 and 50. The rate at which they are lost correlates well with the age-related loss in touch sensitivity for small probes.[11][clarification needed]
Tactile corpuscles are rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors. They are sensitive to shape and textural changes in exploratory and discriminatory touch. Their acute sensitivity provides the neural basis for reading Braille text. Because of their superficial location in the dermis, these corpuscles are particularly sensitive to touch and vibrations, but for the same reasons, they are limited in their detection because they can only signal that something is touching the skin.[12]
Any physical deformation of the corpuscle will cause sodium ions to enter it, creating an action potential in the corpuscle's nerve fiber. Since they are rapidly adapting or phasic, the action potentials generated quickly decrease and eventually cease (this is the reason one stops "feeling" one's clothes).[12]
If the stimulus is removed, the corpuscle regains its shape and while doing so (i.e.: while physically reforming) causes another volley of action potentials to be generated.[citation needed]
^Hoffmann, Joscelyn N.; Montag, Anthony G.; Dominy, Nathaniel J. (November 2004). "Meissner corpuscles and somatosensory acuity: the prehensile appendages of primates and elephants". The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 281 (1): 1138–47. doi:10.1002/ar.a.20119. PMID15470674.
^ abBear, Mark F.; Connors, Barry W.; Paradiso, Michael A. (2016). Neuroscience : Exploring the Brain (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. pp. 416–422. ISBN9780781778176. OCLC897825779.
