Moksha: Мурунза, romanized: Murunza[1]Tatar: Төмəн ханлыгы, romanized: Tömän xanlığı
1388–1684
Flag during the reign of Öz Beg Khan as shown in Dulcert's 1339 map (other sources claim that the Golden Horde was named for the yellow banner of the khan[2]).
Tatar: Төмән ханлыгы, romanized: Tömän xanlığı and Church Slavonic: темник means tümen commander and refers to the city founder Prince Tenish Kugushev or his immediate ancestors.[10]
Other scholars M. Safargaliev, P. Chermensky consider Temnikov second one in importance ulus centre after Mukhsha since the etymology of the placename itself points at Golden Hordetümen commander's headquarters.[11]
The principality was established by Prince Bekhan in 1388.[12][13]
Principality later expanded and comprised territories between Oka-Tsena-Sura interfluve in (Northern, Western and Eastern Mokshaland). Temnikov, Kadom, Sacony and Andreev townlet had been destroyed during the period of Muscovy and Ryazan Principality raids in first decades of 15th century and later rebuilt in new cites. It was confirmed by archeological findings in 1960s.[14]
Members at FamilyTreeDNA tracing royal descent to Prince Bekhan of the Temnikov Principality, are grouped as (07Tatar Princes – Bekhanids) in the Russian Nobility DNA project. All members belong to Y-haplogroupJ2b-L283 > Y12000.[15]
The land was inhabited mainly by Mokshas, Mishars and Erzyas. Some Burtases resettled to Northern Mokshaland, and would be mentioned in later Russian documents as Posop Tatars since they served as prince's army bread suppliers and paid bread tax.[21]
^Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich. History of the Russian State. St. Petersburg: printed in the Military Printing Office of the General Staff of His Imperial Majesty, Vol. 8, 1816
^Utverzhdennaya gramota ob izbranii na Moskovskoe gosudarstvo Mikhaila Fedorovicha Romanova [The Approved Charter on the Election to the Moscow State's Reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Explanations by S.A. Belokurov]. Moscow, 1904 (In Russian)
^Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich. History of the Russian State. St. Petersburg: printed in the Military Printing Office of the General Staff of His Imperial Majesty, Vol. 8, 1816
Akchurin, Maksum; Isheev, Mullanur (2017), "Temnikov: The Town of a Tümen Commander. The History of Towns of The "Mordovian Peripheries" In The 15th–16th centuries", Golden Horde Review, 5 (3), Kazan: 629–658, doi:10.22378/2313-6197.2017-5-3.629-658
Belyakov, А.V.; Yengalycheva, G.A. (2014). "Temnikovskoye knyazhestvo po istochnikam XVI -XVII" [Temnikov Principality in 16th–17th century sources]. Medieval Turkic-Tatar States (in Russian) (6). Retrieved 1 January 2021.
Fedorov-Davydov, German; Tsirkin, Aleksey (1966), Novye dannye ob Ityakovskom gorodishche v Temnikovskom r-ne Mordovskoy ASSR [New Data on the Ityakovskoe Settlement in the Temnikov District of the Mordovian ASSR]. Issledovaniya po arkheologii i etnografii Mordovskoy ASSR: Trudy Mordovskogo IYaLIE [Studies in Archaeology and Ethnography of the Mordovian ASSR: Proceedings of the Mordovian Scientific-Research Institute of Language, Literature and History] Is. 30, Saransk{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Filjushkin, Alexander (2008). Ivan the Terrible: A Military History. Frontline Books. ISBN978-1848325043.
