^The exact OIDofMGA is unknown, but it is known to be greater than 5 mg/day.[21][22][23]
^Ovulation inhibition rate with 300 to 1,000 mg/day oral non-micronized P4 was incomplete.[24][15][25][26][27][28]
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This template can be used to easily insert a table detailing the oral potencies of progestogens into an article. It comes with twenty-eight pre-provided references.
^Neumann F, Düsterberg B (1998). "Entwicklung auf dem Gebiet der Gestagene" [Development in the field of progestogens]. Reproduktionsmedizin. 14 (4): 257–264. doi:10.1007/s004440050042. ISSN1434-6931.
^Hammerstein, J. (1990). "Antiandrogens: Clinical Aspects". Hair and Hair Diseases. pp. 827–886. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-74612-3_35.
^Ufer, Joachim (1968). "Die therapeutische Anwendung der Gestagene beim Menschen" [Therapeutic Use of Progestagens in Humans]. Die Gestagene [Progestogens]. Springer-Verlag. pp. 1026–1124. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-99941-3_7. ISBN978-3-642-99941-3. Zur Transformation des Endometriums benotigten sie 200-400 mg [ethisterone] pro Cyclus und postulierten eine etwa sechsfach schwachere Wirkung gegenuber dem Progesteron i.m. appliziert.
^ abEndrikat J, Gerlinger C, Richard S, Rosenbaum P, Düsterberg B (December 2011). "Ovulation inhibition doses of progestins: a systematic review of the available literature and of marketed preparations worldwide". Contraception. 84 (6): 549–57. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.04.009. PMID22078182. Table 1 Publications on ovulation inhibition doses of progestins: Progestin: Progesterone. Reference: Pincus (1956). Method: Urinary Pdiol. Daily dose (mg): 300.000. Total number of cycles in all subjects: 61. Total number of ovulation in all subjects: 30. % of ovulation in all subjects: 49.
^Milan Rastislav Henzl; John A. Edwards (10 November 1999). "Pharmacology of Progestins: 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Derivatives and Progestins of the First and Second Generation". In Régine Sitruk-Ware; Daniel R. Mishell (eds.). Progestins and Antiprogestins in Clinical Practice. Taylor & Francis. pp. 101–132. ISBN978-0-8247-8291-7.
^Lobo, Rogerio A.; Stanczyk, Frank Z. (1994). "New knowledge in the physiology of hormonal contraceptives". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 170 (5): 1499–1507. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(12)91807-4. ISSN0002-9378.
^Ostergaard E (February 1965). "The oral progestational and anti-ovulatory properties of megestrol acetate and its therapeutic use in gynaecological disorders". J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp. 72 (1): 45–48. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1965.tb01372.x. PMID12332461. The anti-ovulatory properties of megestrol acetate 5 mg. plus Mestranol 0.1 mg. were demonstrated in thirty-five women by direct inspection of the ovaries. When given alone, megestrol acetate 5 mg. or Mestranol 0.1 mg. did not prevent ovulation in all cases.
^Schacter L, Rozencweig M, Canetta R, Kelley S, Nicaise C, Smaldone L (March 1989). "Megestrol acetate: clinical experience". Cancer Treat. Rev. 16 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1016/0305-7372(89)90004-2. PMID2471590. At 0.25 mg/day MA has no apparent effect on the histology of the endometrium and is not effective as a contraceptive (53). However, at doses of 0.35 and 0.5 mg/day the drug is an effective contraceptive (10). At the 0.5 mg/day dose MA does not inhibit ovulation but does reduce sperm motility in post-coital tests (68).
^Vessey, M.P.; Mears, Eleanor; Andolšek, Lidija; Ogrinc-Oven, Majda (1972). "Randomised double-blind trial of four oral progestagen-only contraceptives". The Lancet. 299 (7757): 915–922. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(72)91492-4. ISSN0140-6736.
^Aufrère MB, Benson H (June 1976). "Progesterone: an overview and recent advances". J Pharm Sci. 65 (6): 783–800. doi:10.1002/jps.2600650602. PMID945344. Early studies on its use as an oral contraceptive showed that, at 300 mg/day (5th to 25th day of the menstrual cycle), progesterone was effective in preventing ovulation through four cycles (263). The related effect of larger doses of progesterone on gonadotropin excretion also has been investigated. Rothchild (264) found that continuous or intermittent intravenously administered progesterone (100-400 mg/day) for 10 days depressed the total amount of gonadotropin excreted into the urine. However, Paulsen et al. (265) found that oral progesterone at 1000 mg/day for 87 days did not have a significant effect on urinary gonadotropin excretion. The efficacy of progesterone as an oral contraceptive was never fully tested, because synthetic progestational agents, which were orally effective, were available.
^Pincus G (December 1958). "The hormonal control of ovulation and early development". Postgrad Med. 24 (6): 654–60. doi:10.1080/00325481.1958.11692305. PMID13614060. Table 1: Effects of oral progesterone on three indexes of ovulation: Medication: Progesterone. Number: 69. Mean cycle length: 25.5 ± 0.59. Per cent positive for ovulation by: Basal temperature: 27. Endometrial biopsy: 18. Vaginal smear: 6. [...] we settled on 300 mg. per day [oral progersterone] as a significantly effective [ovulation inhibition] dosage, and this was administered from the fifth day through the twenty-fourth day of the menstrual cycle. [...] We observed each of 33 volunteer subjects during a control, nontreatment cycle and for one to three successive cycles of medication immediately following the control cycle. As indexes of the occurrence of ovulation, daily basal temperatures and vaginal smears were taken, and at the nineteenth to twenty-second day of the cycle an endometrial biopsy. [...] Although we thus demonstrated the ovulation-inhibiting activity of progesterone in normally ovulating women, oral progesterone medication had two disadvantages: (l) the large daily dosage ( 300 mg.) which presumably would have to be even larger if one sought 100 per cent inhibition1 [...]
^Pincus G (1956). "Some effects of progesterone and related compounds upon reproduction and early development in mammals". Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 23 (Suppl 28): 18–36. doi:10.1530/acta.0.023S018. PMID13394044.
^Stone, Abraham; Kupperman, Herbert S. (1955). "The Effects of Progesterone on Ovulation: A Preliminary Report". The Fifth International Conference on Planned Parenthood: Theme, Overpopulation and Family Planning: Report of the Proceedings, 24-29 October, 1955, Tokyo, Japan. International Planned Parenthood Federation. p. 185.
^S. Beier; B. Düsterberg; M. F. El Etreby; W. Elger; F. Neumann; Y. Nishino (1983). "Toxicology of Hormonal Fertility Regulating Agents". In Giuseppe Benagiano; Egon Diczfalusy (eds.). Endocrine Mechanisms in Fertility Regulation. Raven Press. pp. 261–346. ISBN978-0-89004-464-3.
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