Jump to content

Main menu Navigation ●Main page ●Contents ●Current events ●Random article ●About Wikipedia ●Contact us ●Donate Contribute ●Help ●Learn to edit ●Community portal ●Recent changes ●Upload file

●Create account ●Log in ●Create account ● Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more ●Contributions ●Talk

(Top) 1 Toprak-Kala palace city 2 Nearby Kyzyl-Kala fortress 3 Related sites 4 References 5 External links

Toprak-Kala

●Deutsch ●فارسی ●Français ●Հայերեն ●Bahasa Indonesia ●Қазақша ●Magyar ●Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ●Polski ●Qaraqalpaqsha ●Русский ●Suomi ●Татарча / tatarça ●中文 Edit links ●Article ●Talk ●Read ●Edit ●View history Tools Actions ●Read ●Edit ●View history General ●What links here ●Related changes ●Upload file ●Special pages ●Permanent link ●Page information ●Cite this page ●Get shortened URL ●Download QR code ●Wikidata item Print/export ●Download as PDF ●Printable version In other projects ●Wikimedia Commons Appearance Coordinates: 41°55′37.9″N 60°49′19.8″E / 41.927194°N 60.822167°E From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Toprak-Kala

Ruins of Toprak-Kala

Shown within West and Central Asia

Toprak-Kala (Uzbekistan)

Alternative name

Toprak-Kala

Location

Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan

Coordinates

41°55′37.9″N 60°49′19.8″E / 41.927194°N 60.822167°E / 41.927194; 60.822167

Type

Settlement

History

Periods

Parthian, Sasanian

Site notes

Excavation dates

1938

Condition

Ruined

Toprak-Kala, in modern Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, was an ancient palace city and the capital of in Chorasmia in the 2nd/3rd century CE, where wall paintings, coins and archives were discovered.^[1]^[2] Its history covers a period from the 1st to the 5th century CE.^[1] It is part of the "Fifty fortresses oasis" in modern-day Uzbekistan.^[1]

Toprak-Kala palace city[edit]

Toprak-Kala appears to have been built by Artav (Artabanos), ruler of Khwarezm, in the 1st or 2nd century CE.^[3] The establishment of Toprak-Kala probably followed the abandonment of Akchakhan-Kala, 14 km to the southwest.^[4]

Artav (Artabanos), ruler of Khwarezm and founder of Toprak-Kala. Blundered Greek legend "ΙΥΙΥΕΩΙΕ ΜΕΛΥΙ ΕΙΛΥΙΛΥ". Nike crowning the bust of the ruler. Circa 1st-2nd century CE.

The ruins of the city were explored by the Chorasmian Expedition under the guidance of Sergey Tolstov in 1938.^[1] The date of the palace has been determined by the discovery of coins of the Kushan Empire rulers Vima Kadphises and Kanishka, as well as coins of the Khwarazmian king Artav (Artabanus).^[5] Wall paintings representing Zoroastrian deities were discovered in the Palace.^[1]

Toprak-kala and the whole of Chorasmia seem to have been under the control of the Kushan Empire for some time during the 2nd century CE, as coins of Vima Kadphises and Kanishka were found, interrupting a series of coins of Chorasmian rulers before and after them.^[6]^[7] Others have analysed the coinage evidence as indicating that the Kushan did not control Khwarezm.^[8]^[9]

Several high-reliefs of standing figures drapped in robes of Hellenistic style, which are thought to derive from the style of the Greco-Buddhist artofGandhara, reflecting the influence of the Kushan Empire, were discovered in the ruins of Toprak-Kala.^[4] This abundant sculptural work may also have been accomplished by artisans from nearby Bactria, where a Hellenistic tradition remained active since the time of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom.^[4] The statues are now located in the Hermitage MuseuminSaint-Petersburg.^[4]

Sergey Tolstov drew a reconstruction of the ancient city.^[10]

Panorama of the ruins of Toprak-Kala

Toprak Kala ruins
The palace
Toprak Kala ruins
Wall painting found in Toprak-Kala (2nd-3rd century CE)

Nearby Kyzyl-Kala fortress[edit]

Kyzyl-Kala fortress

Nearby fortress of Kyzyl-Kala, before modern restoration.

Fortress of Kyzyl-Kala being restored (2018).

The small fortress of Kyzyl-Kala, also "Qyzyl Qala" ("Red fortress") is located nearby, 1 km to the west, and was also built in the 1st-4th century CE, possibly as a fortified defense for the site of Toprak-Kala (41°55′48″N 60°47′03″E / 41.930031°N 60.784109°E / 41.930031; 60.784109).

Kyzyl-Kala was once restored in the 12th century CE. It has also been the subject of a modern renovation program, with the objective of showing what a fortress looked like originally.

Related sites[edit]

Toprak-Kala is somewhat related to another archaeological site 30 km to the southeast, Koi Krylgan Kala, another major component of the "Fifty fortresses oasis".^[1] Another related site is Ayaz-Kala.

The location of the Chorasmian capital was changed to Kyat (modern Beruniy), at the time of the Afrighid dynasty sometime after 305 CE, but the town of Toprak-Kala continued to prosper until the 6th century CE.^[6]

References[edit]

Chorasmian oasis, location of Toprak-Kala and the Kyzyl-Kala fortress in relation to other main fortresses.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Adrianov, Boris V.; Mantellini, Simone (31 December 2013). Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area: Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area. Oxbow Books, Limited. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-78297-167-2.

^ Неразик, Е.Е., Лапиров-Скобло, М.С., Трудновская, С.А. & Вайнберг, Б.И. (1981). Городище Топрак-кала (раскопки 1965-1975 гг.) (ТХАЭЭ, т. 12). Москва.

^ "The second king of the dynasty was Artav ( ' ri ' w " the just " ; Vainberg , 1977 , p . 52 ). He appears to have begun construction of a new capital , the ruins of which were discovered by Sergey Tolstov in 1938 at Toprak - kala" Yar-Shater, Ehsan (1982). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 514. ISBN 9780710090904.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Minardi, Michele (January 2020). "The Ancient Chorasmian Unbaked-clay Modelled Sculptures: Hellenistic Cultural 'Impacts' on an Eastern Iranian Polity". Religion, Society, Trade and Kingship. Art and Archaeology in South Asia Along the Silk Road 5500 BCE-5th Century CE (South Asian Archaeology and Art 2016, Volume 1): 195–205, Figs. 7, 9, 11.

^ "Apart from purely archaeological and artistic evidence , the date has been determined from coins of the Kushan kings Vima Kadphises and Kanishka, and of the Khwarazmian king Artav , that were found on the lower floors of some structures . Some economic documents found in the Palace were dated to between 188 and 252 of the Khwarazmian era, i.e., to within the third century A.D. It should be borne in mind that only an insignificant portion of the archive has survived." in "Bulletin of the Asia Institute". Wayne State University Press. 1996: 183. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

^ ^a ^b "Toprak - Kala was for a long time its capital . Later the seat of authority was changed to the city of Kyat ( afterwards called Shabbaz and now known as Biruni ) . This transfer took place during the reign of Afrig , a Chorasmian King ." Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1969). Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of Kaniṣka, London, 20-22 April 1960. Brill Archive. p. 204 and 414.

^ Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1969). Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of Kaniṣka, London, 20-22 April 1960. Brill Archive. p. 414.

^ "Theories that Chorasmia was incorporated into the Kushan empire are refuted by the numismatic evidence ; there was no interruption in the local minting of silver coins, and many Kushan coins bear Chorasmian overstrikes, often obliterating the rulers' portraits." Yar-Shater, Ehsan (1982). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 514. ISBN 9780710090904.