Trichoderma longibrachiatum is a fungus in the genus Trichoderma. In addition to being a distinct species, T. longibrachiatum also typifies one of several clades within Trichoderma which comprises 21 different species.[2]Trichoderma longibrachiatum is a soil fungus which is found all over the world but mainly in warmer climates.[2] Many species from this clade have been adopted in various industries because of their ability to secrete large amounts of protein and metabolites.
Trichoderma is a diverse genus with other 135 species in Europe alone.[3] This species was first characterized by Mien Rifai in 1969.[2] It is an exclusively anamorphic species complex allied with the sexual species, Hypocrea schweinitzii.[4] Evolutionarily T. longibrachiatum is the youngest clade of Trichoderma.[4]
Trichoderma longibrachiatum is a fast-growing fungus.[5] It typically produces off-white colonies that change to greyish green with age.[5] This species is able to grow over a wide range of temperature; however the optimal temperature for growth is ≥ 35 °C.[2]Trichoderma longibrachiatum is a clonal species that reproduces through 1-celled, smooth-walled conidia.[5]
Trichoderma longibrachiatum is not thought to pose risk to human health, although it has been isolated as an indoor contaminant with high allergenic potential.[4] This species has also been implicated in the colonization of immunocompromised people[6] and has been found in the blood cultures derived from a neutropenic patient with lymphoma, bone marrow transplant patients, and patients with severe chronic kidney disease.[8]
Trichoderma longibrachiatum, produces small toxic peptides containing amino acids not found in common proteins, like alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, called trilongins (up to 10% w/w). Their toxicity is due to absorption into cells and production of nano-channels that obstruct vital ion channels that ferry potassium and sodium ions across the cell membrane. This affects in the cells action potential profile, as seen in cardiomyocytes, pneumocytes and neurons leading to conduction defects. Trilongins are highly resistant to heat and antimicrobials making primary prevention the only management option.[9][10][11]
Trichoderma species are useful in industry because of their high capacity to secrete large amounts of protein and metabolites. It has been suggested that Trichoderma longibrachiatum could be used as a biocontrol agent for its parasitic and lethal effects on the cysts of the nematode Heterodera avenae.[12] Because T. longibrachiatum is a mycoparasite, it has also been investigated for use in combating fungal diseases on agricultural crops.[7] Its enzymatic capacity could potentially be useful in bioremediation, for use in remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals.[13] Other industrial uses include using the various cellulases for staining fabrics in the textile industry, increasing digestibility of poultry feed, and potentially in the generation of biofuels.[14]Trichoderma longibrachiatum has also been reported in promoting plant growth by increasing nutrient uptake, inhibiting the growth of plant parasites, increasing carbohydrate metabolism, and phytohormone synthesis.
^20-Residue and 11-residue peptaibols from the fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum are synergistic in forming Na+/K+-permeable channels and adverse action towards mammalian cells Raimo Mikkola1,†, Maria A. Andersson1,†, László Kredics2, Pavel A. Grigoriev1,3, Nina Sundell1, Mirja S. Salkinoja-Salonen1,* doi:10.1111/febs.12010
^Zhang, Shuwu; Gan, Yantai; Xu, Bingliang; Xue, Yingyu (2014). "The parasitic and lethal effects of Trichoderma longibrachiatum against Heterodera avenae". Biological Control. 72: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.01.009.
^Rosales, E.; Pérez-Paz, A.; Vázquez, X.; Pazos, M.; Sanromán, M. A. (15 December 2011). "Isolation of novel benzo[a]anthracene-degrading microorganisms and continuous bioremediation in an expanded-bed bioreactor". Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering. 35 (5): 851–855. doi:10.1007/s00449-011-0669-x. PMID22170303. S2CID24999957.
^Maurer, S.A.; Brady, N.W.; Fajardo, N.P.; Radke, C.J. (2013). "Surface kinetics for cooperative fungal cellulase digestion of cellulose from quartz crystal microgravimetry". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 394: 498–508. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2012.12.022. PMID23347999.
