| Turama–Kikorian | |
|---|---|
| Rumu – Omati River | |
| Geographic distribution | Omati River region, Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Papuan Gulf ?
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | tura1263 |
Map: The Turama–Kikorian languages of New Guinea
The Turama–Kikorian languages
Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited
| |
The Turama–Kikorian languages are a family identified by Arthur Capell (1962)[1] and part of the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) family in the classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and Malcolm Ross (2005). The family is named after the Turama River and Kikori River of southern Papua New Guinea; the alternative name is based more narrowly on the Omati River.
The four languages are clearly related, though Rumu is divergent. Ross states that Rumu links the other (Turama) languages to TNG.
![[]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/30px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png){kind=small}
Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[2]
| gloss | Proto-Rumu-Omati | Proto-Omati River | Rumu |
|---|---|---|---|
| head/top | *mab | *mab | mapô |
| leaf/hair/feather | *b[au]t | *bɔt | ?paɾâu |
| ear | *go̝ | *go̝ | kō |
| eye | *isĩ | *isĩ | ihī |
| nose | *ju | *ju | jū |
| tooth | *magu | *magu | makù |
| foot/leg | *tãᵋ | *tãᵋ | ɾɛ̂ |
| bone | *tab | *tab | ɾapò |
| breast | *sõ̝ | *sõ̝ | hó |
| louse | *gutɔm | *gutɔm | kuɾɔ̀ |
| dog | *gas | *gas | ká ~ kaé |
| pig | *gɔ[u]n | *gɔn | kɔù |
| bird | *gaᵋ | *gaᵋ | ká ~ kaé |
| egg | *d[ɔ]um | *d[ɔ]um | |
| tree | *i | *i | ì |
| sun | *ɛsɔa | *ɛsɔa | ɛhɔ̂ |
| water | *wẽ̝ | *wẽ̝ | |
| fire | *i | *i | ì |
| path | *dɛⁱ | *dɛⁱ | tɛî |
| name | *e̝ne̝ne̝n | *ne̝ne̝n | enené |
| two | *t[aⁱ/aᵋ] | *taᵋ | taí |
The following basic vocabulary words are from Franklin (1973),[3] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[4]
| gloss | Rumu | Ikobi-Mena | Mena | Omati |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | wotu rapo | mapʰ | mabo | mawo |
| hair | pate | maporo | maboru | mahabero |
| ear | ku pate | kupi | kovi | kovi |
| eye | ihita | si(tom) | sitɔumu | isi |
| nose | yu rapo | bopʰ | boƀo | sorowu |
| tooth | maku | ka̧i̧ yo | kaiyɔ | kokame |
| tongue | ɔhɔ | kumen | kumɛn | komene |
| leg | re riki | hae | hại habo | hai |
| louse | kuro | kurom | kuromiə | kulamu |
| dog | ka | kas | kasə | kase |
| bird | ka | kae | kaiɛ | kae |
| egg | re | tʌom | tʌmɛ | mena hai |
| blood | hokore | kai | kai | kei |
| bone | rapo | hap | havo | havo |
| skin | heitau | kora | kʷaru | kebo |
| breast | hɔ | so̧ | so; šo | šu |
| tree | i | i | ʔi | |
| man | uki | wane | wɔnami; wɔne | gamin |
| woman | wo | besi | bɛse | bes |
| sun | eho | iyos | yosə; yosu | soa |
| moon | pari | wasiba | wasibia; wasibʌŋʌ | baira |
| water | u | mu̧ | mu | fae |
| fire | i | kom | kumu | kumu |
| stone | akapu | kam | kamə | kamu |
| name | paina | nanini | nɛnɛne | nenena |
| eat | nato | nokun; nouwe | nʌᵘwe | damanai |
| one | riabai; ṛiabai | sʌkanɛ | sʌkanɛ | sakaina |
| two | tai | hae | haiɛ | hatarari |
Below are some turtle names, with additional names in Porome, Kiwaian, and Kutubuan languages also provided for comparison:[5]
| Language [Location] | Emydura subglobosa | Elseya novaeguineae | Carettochelys insculpta | Pelochelys bibroni | Marine turtle |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ikobi [Kasere] (Kaiam) | Kaso bubal | Kaso bubal | Kaso Uwo | Kaso Mimiri | – |
| Foroba (Omo, Kuru) | Kinisuga | Kesoga | Buguama | Mimiri | – |
| Rumu (Kopi, Ogamabu, Irimuku, Lalau, Ario, Waira) | Kehoko | Kehoko, Purapati | Piku | Mimiri, Otohehe | – |
| Porome [Kibiri] (Veiru, Doibo) | Ketori | Ketori | Watemui | Kauri | – |
| Porome [Porome] (Ero, Wowou) | Ketoko | Ketoko | Watemu | Dabeuri | – |
| Kerewo [Goaribari] (Apeawa, Samoa) | – | Koimo | Uwo | Unawaya | Mirimiri, Gamo |
| Kiwai, Northeast [Urama] (Veraibari) | Koimo | Koimo | Va’ema | Goava’ema | Mia Mia |
| Foi (Soro, Wasami, Tugiri, Kese, Kapoi) | – | Baregwarabo | – | – | – |
| Fasu (Wairo, Hebaya) | – | Eketaiyaa | – | – | – |
Names for Emydura subglobosa and Elseya novaeguineae are generally identical or similar.
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