The twenty-foot equivalent unit (abbreviated TEUorteu) is a general unit of cargo capacity, often used for container ships and container ports.[1] It is based on the volume of a 20-foot-long (6.1 m) intermodal container, a standard-sized metal box that can be easily transferred between different modes of transportation, such as ships, trains, and trucks.[1]
The standard intermodal container is 19 feet 10.5 inches (6.058 m) long and eight feet (2.44 m) wide.[1] The height of such containers is most commonly 8 feet 6 inches (2.59 m) but ranges from 4 feet 3 inches (1.30 m) to 9 feet 6 inches (2.90 m).
Another standard container is slightly more than twice as long: 40-foot (12.19 m), dubbed a forty-foot equivalent unit (often FEUorfeu).
The reason the smaller container is 1.5 inches short of 20 feet is to allow it to be stacked efficiently with 40-foot containers. The twistlocks on a ship are set so that two standard 20-foot containers have a gap of three inches, allowing a single 40-foot container to fit precisely on top.
The 40-foot containers have found wider acceptance, as they can be pulled by semi-trailer trucks. The length of such a combination is within the limits of national road regulations in many countries, requiring no special permission. As some road regulations allow longer trucks, there are also variations of the standard 40-foot container; in Europe and most other places a container of 45 feet (13.72 m) may be pulled as a trailer. Containers with a length of 48 feet (14.63 m) or 53 feet (16.15 m) are restricted to road and rail transport in North America. Although longer than 40 feet, these variants are put in the same class of forty-foot equivalent units.
| Length | Width | Height | Internal volume | TEU | Notes | Sq meters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 ft (6.1 m) | 8 ft (2.44 m) | 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) | 1,172 cu ft (33.2 m3) | 1[4] | 14.88 | |
| 40 ft (12.2 m) | 8 ft (2.44 m) | 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) | 2,389 cu ft (67.6 m3) | 2[4] | 29.77 | |
| 48 ft (14.6 m) | 8 ft (2.44 m) | 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) | 3,264 cu ft (92.4 m3) | 2.4 | 35.62 | |
| 53 ft (16.2 m) | 8 ft (2.44 m) | 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) | 3,604 cu ft (102.1 m3) | 2.65 | 39.53 | |
| 20 ft (6.1 m) | 8 ft (2.44 m) | 9 ft 6 in (2.90 m) | 1,520 cu ft (43 m3) | 1 | High cube | 14.88 |
| 20 ft (6.1 m) | 8 ft (2.44 m) | 4 ft 3 in (1.30 m) | 680 cu ft (19.3 m3) | 1 | Half-height | 14.88 |
The carrying capacity of a ship is usually measured by mass (the deadweight tonnage) or by volume (the net register tonnage). Deadweight tonnage is generally measured now in metric tons (tonnes). Register tons are measured in cu. ft, with one register ton equivalent to 100 cubic feet (2.83 m3).[needs update]
As the TEU is an inexact unit, it cannot be converted precisely into other units. The related unit forty-foot equivalent unit, however, is defined as two TEU.
It is common to designate a 45-foot (13.7 m) container as 2 TEU, rather than 2.25 TEU.
The most common twenty-foot container occupies a space 20 feet (6.1 m) long, 8 feet (2.44 m) wide, and 8 feet 6 inches (2.59 m) high, with an allowance externally for the corner castings; the internal volume is 1,172 cubic feet (33.2 m3). However, both 9-foot-6-inch-tall (2.90 m) High cube and 4-foot-3-inch (1.30 m) half height containers are also reckoned as 1 TEU. This gives a volume range of 680 to 1,520 cubic feet (19 to 43 m3) for one TEU.
While the TEU is not itself a measure of mass, some conclusions can be drawn about the maximum mass that a TEU can represent. The maximum gross mass for a 20-foot (6.1 m) dry cargo container is 24,000 kilograms (53,000 lb).[5] Subtracting the tare mass of the container itself, the maximum amount of cargo per TEU is reduced to about 21,600 kilograms (47,600 lb).[5]
Similarly, the maximum gross mass for a 40-foot (12.2 m) dry cargo container (including the 9-foot-6-inch (2.90 m) High cube container) is 30,480 kilograms (67,200 lb).[5] After correcting for tare weight, this gives a cargo capacity of 26,500 kilograms (58,400 lb).[5]
Twenty-foot "heavy tested" containers are available for heavy goods such as heavy machinery. These containers allow a maximum weight of 67,200 pounds (30,500 kg), an empty weight of 5,290 pounds (2,400 kg), and a net load of 61,910 pounds (28,080 kg).[citation needed]
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