Cowgill earned a PhD from Iowa State University in 1956. Later she worked as an analytical chemist for the limnologistG. Evelyn Hutchinson. Her first journal articles, some published jointly with Hutchinson, appeared in the early 1960s.
In 1959, three pairs of pottos from West Africa arrived at Yale's Osborn Zoological Laboratory. At first they lived in the laboratory with a number of other nocturnalprosimians that Cowgill and Hutchinson were studying. In 1964, Cowgill took two of the pairs to live with her. She looked after them until 1981, when she gave the sole surviving male to a colleague.
While the pottos were with her, Cowgill published a number of journal articles on their anatomy, diet, reproduction, illnesses and recovery, and social behaviour. These publications constitute one of the few long-term studies of pottos in captivity.
Between 1961 and 1963, Cowgill and Hutchinson made studies of soil in the Petén Basin, Guatemala, with the aim of learning about the effects of agricultural practices of the pre-ColumbianMaya civilization.[4] Their findings reported that Maya cultivation methods had gradually robbed the soil of vital elements, meaning that it eventually became unable to sustain crops. Some scholars have linked this exhaustion of the soil to the 10th-century decline of the Maya urban settlements in the Petén region.
Cowgill's research into gender and child mortality covered both historical records in England and contemporary observations in Guatemala. Using birth and death records from the parish registers of York between 1538 and 1812, Cowgill found that throughout the city's history, girls at every stage of childhood had died at a higher rate than boys of the same age. This resulted in an adult sex ratio of 136 males for every 100 females. Cowgill theorised that this was partly because girls were more likely to be victims of infanticide, and partly because sons tended to receive better feeding and care than daughters.[5]
InGuatemala, Cowgill studied an indigenous village where the sex ratio was even more skewed—178:100. Cowgill observed that mothers in this village breastfed sons for much longer than daughters, and tended to give them preferential treatment even after weaning. Cowgill and Hutchinson also speculated that the sexually provocative behaviour of young girls in this village might be a survival mechanism.
Cowgill undertook one of the first scientific studies of seasonality in human reproduction. Taking data from historical records and indigenous peoples in various countries, she concluded that conception and birth in human beings, like that of many other animals, followed seasonal patterns to a degree. Because the pattern was different in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, Cowgill hypothesised that weather was the determining factor. However, she found that in urbanised and industrialised areas the pattern had been disrupted. Her 1966 article on the topic, published in the journal Ecology, has formed the basis for subsequent research by other scientists.
In 1997, Cowgill gauged the selenium content of soil in various locations in the United States by measuring the amount of the mineral that was absorbed by alfalfa. She then correlated this information with the mortality rate of AIDS in the area. She found that the more selenium there was in the soil, the lower mortality from AIDS was. The relationship was especially strong among African-Americans.
Bajo de Santa Fe (with G.E. Hutchinson). Book, 1963.
Cowgill, UM; Hutchinson, GE (1963). "Sex-ratio in childhood and the depopulation of the Peten, Guatemala". Human Biology. 35: 90–103. PMID14023537.
Cowgill, U. M. (1966). "Season of Birth in Man. Contemporary Situation with Special Reference to Europe and the Southern Hemisphere". Ecology. 47 (4): 614–623. doi:10.2307/1933939. JSTOR1933939.
The history of Laguna de Petenxil, a small lake in Northern Guatemala. Book, 1966.
Cowgill, UM (1977). "A myeloliposarcoma in a female Perodicticus potto: Mineralogical and elemental chemical analysis". Journal of Medical Primatology. 6 (2): 114–8. doi:10.1159/000459730. PMID406401.
Cowgill, UM; Zeman, LB (1980). "Normal blood values of an adult male Perodicticus potto with comparative data from other primates". Folia Primatologica. 33 (4): 273–90. doi:10.1159/000155942. PMID7419137.
Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment, 12th volume (with Llewellyn R. Williams). Book, 1989.
Cowgill, UM; Milazzo, DP; Landenberger, BD (1990). "The reproducibility of the three brood Ceriodaphnia test using the reference toxicant sodium lauryl sulfate". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 19 (4): 513–7. doi:10.1007/BF01059069. PMID2386407. S2CID29347853.
Cowgill, UM; Milazzo, DP (1991). "The response of the three brood Ceriodaphnia test to fifteen formulations and pure compounds in common use". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 21 (1): 35–40. doi:10.1007/BF01055553. PMID1898115. S2CID34093998.
Cowgill, UM (1991). "Variation in the nitrotoxin concentration of 13 species of Astragalus (Fabaceae) over a 6-year period". Biological Trace Element Research. 31 (2): 111–8. doi:10.1007/BF02990419. PMID9438032. S2CID1400765.
Cowgill, UM (1997). "The distribution of selenium and mortality owing to acquired immune deficiency syndrome in the continental United States". Biological Trace Element Research. 56 (1): 43–61. doi:10.1007/BF02778983. PMID9152511. S2CID11350156.
^Full name and date of birth information sourced from Library of Congress Authorities data, via corresponding WorldCat Identities linked authority file (LAF). Retrieved on 2008-05-08.
^Henry, L. (1968). "Some Comments on Ursula M. Cowgill's Article, 'Life and Death in the Sixteenth Century in the City of York': (Population Studies, July 1967)". Population Studies. 22 (1): 165–169. doi:10.1080/00324728.1968.10405530. JSTOR2173357. PMID22077570.
