Jump to content

Main menu Navigation ●Main page ●Contents ●Current events ●Random article ●About Wikipedia ●Contact us ●Donate Contribute ●Help ●Learn to edit ●Community portal ●Recent changes ●Upload file

●Create account ●Log in ●Create account ● Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more ●Contributions ●Talk

(Top) 1 History 1.1 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) 2 Election results 2.1 1905 2.2 1906 by-election 2.3 1909 2.4 1910 by-election 2.5 1913 2.6 1917 2.7 1917 by-election 2.8 1921 2.9 1921 by-election 2.10 1926 2.11 1930 2.12 1935 2.13 1940 2.14 1944 2.15 1948 2.16 1952 2.17 1955 2.18 1959 2.19 1963 2.20 1967 3 Plebiscite results 3.1 1957 liquor plebiscite 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links

Vermilion (provincial electoral district)

Add links ●Article ●Talk ●Read ●Edit ●View history Tools Actions ●Read ●Edit ●View history General ●What links here ●Related changes ●Upload file ●Special pages ●Permanent link ●Page information ●Cite this page ●Get shortened URL ●Download QR code ●Wikidata item Print/export ●Download as PDF ●Printable version Appearance Coordinates: 53°24′N 110°48′W / 53.4°N 110.8°W From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vermilion
Alberta electoral district
Defunct provincial electoral district
Legislature	Legislative Assembly of Alberta
District created	1905
District abolished	1971
First contested	1905
Last contested	1967

Vermilion was a provincial electoral districtinAlberta, Canada, mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1905 to 1971.^[1]

History[edit]

Members of the Legislative Assembly for Vermilion
Assembly	Years	Member		Party
1st	1905–1906		Matthew McCauley (politician)	Liberal
1st	1906–1909		James Bismark Holden
2nd	1909–1910		Archibald Campbell
2nd	1910–1913		Arthur Lewis Sifton
3rd	1913–1917
4th	1917–1917
4th	1917–1921		Arthur W. Ebbett
5th	1921–1926		Richard Gavin Reid	United Farmers
6th	1926–1930
7th	1930–1935
8th	1935–1940		William A. Fallow	Social Credit
9th	1940–1944		William A. Fallow
10th	1944–1948		William R. Cornish
11th	1948–1952
12th	1952–1955
13th	1955–1959		Russell J. Whitson	Liberal
14th	1959–1963		Ashley Cooper	Social Credit
15th	1963–1967
16th	1967–1971
See Vermilion-Viking electoral district from 1971-1993

Vermilion was one of the original 25 electoral districts contested in the 1905 Alberta general election upon Alberta joining Confederation in September 1905. In the 1970 electoral district re-distribution, the Vermilion electoral district would be abolished and would be reformed as Vermilion-Viking, the boundaries for the new district would be a continuation of the Vermilion boundaries as adjusted prior to the 1963 Alberta general election.

Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs)[edit]

Matthew McCauley was elected as the first member for the Vermilion district, he had previously served as the first Mayor of Edmonton and member of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories for the Edmonton electoral district. McCauley's time in the Alberta Legislature was limited to less than a year when he resigned his seat in 1906 after his appointment to be Warden of the Edmonton Penitentiary, the first of its kind in Alberta.

Election results[edit]

1905[edit]

The returning officer for the 1905 election was Thomas J. Cunningham.^[2]

v t e 1905 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Matthew McCauley	673	73.07%	–
	Conservative	Frank Fane	248	26.93%	–
Total			921	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			N/A	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			921	N/A	–
	Liberal pickup new district.
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1905 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020.

1906 by-election[edit]

v t e Alberta provincial by-election, July 16, 1906 Upon Matthew McCauley's appointment as warden of Edmonton Penitentiary
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	James Bismark Holden	Acclaimed	–	–
Total			N/A	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			N/A	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			N/A	N/A	–
	Liberal hold		Swing		–
Source(s) "By-elections". Elections Alberta. Retrieved May 26, 2020.

1909[edit]

v t e 1909 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Archibald Campbell	919	66.55%	-6.53%
	Conservative	Rev. Albert Richard Aldridge	462	33.45%	6.53%
Total			1,381	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			N/A	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			N/A	N/A	–
	Liberal hold		Swing		-6.53%
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1909 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020.

1910 by-election[edit]

v t e Alberta provincial by-election, June 29, 1910 Upon Archibald Campbell's resignation to provide a seat for the new Premier on June 8, 1910
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Arthur Lewis Sifton	1,018	58.91%	–
	Conservative	J. George Clark	710	41.09%	–
Total			1,728	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			N/A	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			N/A	N/A	–
	Liberal hold		Swing		N/A
Source(s) "Past By-Election results". Elections Alberta. Retrieved June 12, 2020. Mardon, p. 129

1913[edit]

v t e 1913 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Arthur Lewis Sifton	772	47.68%	-18.86%
	Conservative	J. George Clark	571	35.27%	1.81%
	Independent	Gregory Krikevsky	276	17.05%	–
Total			1,619	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			N/A	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			N/A	N/A	–
	Liberal hold		Swing		-10.34%
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1913 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020.

1917[edit]

v t e 1917 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Arthur Lewis Sifton	2,063	63.03%	15.35%
	Conservative	John B. Burch	1,210	36.97%	1.70%
Total			3,273	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			N/A	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			N/A	N/A	–
	Liberal hold		Swing		6.82%
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1917 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020.

1917 by-election[edit]

v t e Alberta provincial by-election, November 19, 1917 Upon the resignation of Arthur Lewis Sifton on October 12, 1917
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Arthur W. Ebbett	Acclaimed	–	–
Total			N/A	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			N/A	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			N/A	N/A	–
	Liberal hold		Swing		N/A
Source(s) "Past By-Election results". Elections Alberta. Retrieved June 12, 2020.

1921[edit]

v t e 1921 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	United Farmers	Richard Gavin Reid	2,955	75.89%	–
	Liberal	Arthur W. Ebbett	939	24.11%	-38.92%
Total			3,894	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			N/A	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			N/A	N/A	–
	United Farmers gain from Liberal		Swing		12.86%
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1921 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020.

1921 by-election[edit]

v t e Alberta provincial by-election, December 9, 1921 Ministerial by-election upon Richard Gavin Reid being appointed to Cabinet
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	United Farmers	Richard Gavin Reid	Acclaimed	–	–
Total			N/A	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			N/A	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			N/A	N/A	–
	United Farmers hold		Swing		N/A
Source(s) "Past By-Election results". Elections Alberta. Retrieved June 12, 2020.

1926[edit]

v t e 1926 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	United Farmers	Richard Gavin Reid	1,981	64.63%	-11.25%
	Conservative	W. J. MacNab	592	19.31%	–
	Liberal	Arthur W. Ebbett	492	16.05%	-8.06%
Total			3,065	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			232	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			4,886	67.48%	–
	United Farmers hold		Swing		-3.23%
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1926 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020.

1930[edit]

v t e 1930 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	United Farmers	Richard Gavin Reid	2,551	75.79%	11.15%
	Liberal	Robert B. Hall	815	24.21%	8.16%
Total			3,366	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			139	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			5,624	62.32%	-5.16%
	United Farmers hold		Swing		3.13%
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1930 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020.

1935[edit]

v t e 1935 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes 1st count	%	Votes final count	±%
	Social Credit	William A. Fallow	2,452	44.81%	2,664	–
	Liberal	Arthur P. Hunter	1,062	19.41%	1,437	-4.80%
	United Farmers	Richard Gavin Reid	876	16.01%	–	-59.78%
	Communist	William Halina	838	15.31%	–	–
	Conservative	Albert E. Williams	244	4.46%	–	–
Total			5,472	–	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			172	–	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			6,816	82.81%	20.48%	–
	Social Credit gain from United Farmers		Swing		-13.09%
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1935 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. Mardon 130 Instant-runoff voting requires a candidate to receive a plurality (greater than 50%) of the votes. As no candidate received a plurality of votes, the bottom candidate was eliminated and their 2nd place votes were applied to both other candidates until one received a plurality.

1940[edit]

v t e 1940 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes 1st count	%	Votes final count	±%
	Social Credit	William A. Fallow	2,203	44.47%	2,506	-0.34%
	Independent	S. C. Heckbert	1,815	36.64%	2,148	–
	Co-operative Commonwealth	J. T. McDuffe	936	18.89%	–	–
Total			4,954	–	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			179	–	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			6,721	76.37%	-6.43%	–
	Social Credit hold		Swing		-8.78%
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1940 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. Instant-runoff voting requires a candidate to receive a plurality (greater than 50%) of the votes. As no candidate received a plurality of votes, the bottom candidate was eliminated and their 2nd place votes were applied to both other candidates until one received a plurality.

1944[edit]

v t e 1944 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Social Credit	William R. Cornish	2,239	52.94%	8.47%
	Labor–Progressive	William M. Teresio	999	23.62%	–
	Co-operative Commonwealth	L. E. Larcombe	991	23.43%	4.54%
Total			4,229	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			40	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			6,260	68.19%	-8.18%
	Social Credit hold		Swing		10.74%
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1944 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020.

1948[edit]

v t e 1948 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes 1st count	%	Votes final count	±%
	Social Credit	William R. Cornish	1,999	46.10%	2,196	-6.84%
	Liberal	William H. Chorney	1,179	27.19%	1,323	–
	Co-operative Commonwealth	Roy William Hay	1,158	26.71%	3.27%	–
Total			4,336	–	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			245	–	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			6,372	71.89%	3.70%	–
	Social Credit hold		Swing		-5.20%
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1948 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. Instant-runoff voting requires a candidate to receive a plurality (greater than 50%) of the votes. As no candidate received a plurality of votes, the bottom candidate was eliminated and their 2nd place votes were applied to both other candidates until one received a plurality.

1952[edit]

v t e 1952 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes 1st count	%	Votes final count	±%
	Social Credit	William R. Cornish	1,955	48.70%	2,058	2.60%
	Liberal	George Kravetz	835	20.80%	983	-6.39%
	Farmer	John P. Hocaluk	655	16.32%	713	–
	Co-operative Commonwealth	Edwin Barber	569	14.18%	–	-12.53%
Total			4,014	–	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			249	–	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			6,432	66.28%	-5.61%	–
	Social Credit hold		Swing		4.50%
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1952 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. Instant-runoff voting requires a candidate to receive a plurality (greater than 50%) of the votes. As no candidate received a plurality of votes, the bottom candidate was eliminated and their 2nd place votes were applied to both other candidates until one received a plurality.

1955[edit]

v t e 1955 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes 1st count	%	Votes final count	±%
	Liberal	Russell J. Whitson	1,728	36.48%	2,131	15.68%
	Social Credit	Ashley Cooper	2,018	42.60%	2,111	-6.10%
	Co-operative Commonwealth	M. Meronyk	684	14.44%	–	0.26%
	Labor–Progressive	John P. Hocaluk	307	6.48%	–	–
Total			4,737	–	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			310	–	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			6,692	75.42%	9.14%	–
	Liberal gain from Social Credit		Swing		-10.89%
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1955 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020. Instant-runoff voting requires a candidate to receive a plurality (greater than 50%) of the votes. As no candidate received a plurality of votes, the bottom candidate was eliminated and their 2nd place votes were applied to both other candidates until one received a plurality.

1959[edit]

v t e 1959 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Social Credit	Ashley Cooper	2,204	49.48%	6.88%
	Liberal	Russell J. Whitson	1,224	27.48%	-9.00%
	Progressive Conservative	D. J. Frunchak	799	17.94%	–
	Labor–Progressive	John P. Hocaluk	227	5.10%	-1.38%
Total			4,454	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			12	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			6,162	72.48%	-2.94%
	Social Credit gain from Liberal		Swing		7.94%
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1959 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020.

1963[edit]

v t e 1963 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Social Credit	Ashley Cooper	2,964	68.20%	18.72%
	Liberal	Arthur W. Roland	837	19.26%	-8.22%
	New Democratic	Edward Thompson	545	12.54%	–
Total			4,346	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			8	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			6,605	65.92%	-6.56%
	Social Credit hold		Swing		13.47%
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1963 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020.

1967[edit]

v t e 1967 Alberta general election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Social Credit	Ashley Cooper	2,545	58.03%	-10.18%
	Progressive Conservative	Hilda Wilson	1,199	27.34%	–
	New Democratic	Harry E. Yaremchuk	642	14.64%	2.10%
Total			4,386	–	–
Rejected, spoiled and declined			17	–	–
Eligible electors / turnout			6,398	68.82%	2.90%
	Social Credit hold		Swing		-9.13%
Source(s) Source: "Vermilion Official Results 1967 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 21, 2020.

Plebiscite results[edit]

1957 liquor plebiscite[edit]

Question A: Do you approve additional types of outlets for the sale of beer, wine and spirituous liquor subject to a local vote?
1957 Alberta liquor plebiscite results: Vermilion^[3]
Ballot choice		Votes	%
	Yes	1,258	53.92%
	No	1,075	46.08%
Total votes		2,333	100%
Rejected, spoiled and declined		15
5,758 eligible electors, turnout 40.79%

On October 30, 1957 a stand-alone plebiscite was held province wide in all 50 of the then current provincial electoral districts in Alberta. The government decided to consult Alberta voters to decide on liquor sales and mixed drinking after a divisive debate in the Legislature. The plebiscite was intended to deal with the growing demand for reforming antiquated liquor control laws.^[4]

The plebiscite was conducted in two parts. Question A asked in all districts, asked the voters if the sale of liquor should be expanded in Alberta, while Question B asked in a handful of districts within the corporate limits of Calgary and Edmonton asked if men and woman were allowed to drink together in establishments.^[3]

Province wide Question A of the plebiscite passed in 33 of the 50 districts while Question B passed in all five districts. Vermilion voted in favour of the proposal with a slight majority. Voter turnout in the district was very low, falling well under the province-wide average of 46%.^[3]

Official district returns were released to the public on December 31, 1957.^[3] The Social Credit government in power at the time did not considered the results binding.^[5] However the results of the vote led the government to repeal all existing liquor legislation and introduce an entirely new Liquor Act.^[6]

Municipal districts lying inside electoral districts that voted against the Plebiscite were designated Local Option Zones by the Alberta Liquor Control Board and considered effective dry zones, business owners that wanted a license had to petition for a binding municipal plebiscite in order to be granted a license.^[7]

References[edit]

^ "Election results for Vermilion". abheritage.ca. Wayback Machine: Heritage Community Foundation. Archived from the original on December 8, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2020.

^ "Territories Elections Ordinance; Province of Alberta". Vol VI No. 12. The Rocky Mountain Echo. October 30, 1905. p. 4.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Alberta Gazette. Vol. 53 (December 31 ed.). Government of Alberta. 1957. pp. 2, 247–2, 249.

^ "Albertans Vote 2 to 1 For More Liquor Outlets". Vol L No 273. The Lethbridge Herald. October 31, 1957. pp. 1–2.

^ "No Sudden Change In Alberta Drinking Habits Is Seen". Vol L No 267. The Lethbridge Herald. October 24, 1957. p. 1.

^ "Entirely New Act On Liquor". Vol LI No 72. The Lethbridge Herald. March 5, 1958. p. 1.

^ "Bill 81". Alberta Bills 12th Legislature 1st Session. Government of Alberta. 1958. p. 40.

External links[edit]

v t e Former Alberta provincial electoral districts
North	Athabasca Athabasca-Lac La Biche Athabasca-Redwater Athabasca-Sturgeon-Redwater Athabasca-Wabasca Barrhead Barrhead-Morinville-Westlock Barrhead-Westlock Beaver River Bonnyville Bonnyville-Cold Lake Clearwater Dunvegan Dunvegan-Central Peace Dunvegan-Central Peace-Notley Edson Fort McMurray Fort McMurray-Conklin Grande Prairie-Smoky Grouard Lac La Biche Lac La Biche-McMurray Lac La Biche-St. Paul Lac La Biche-St. Paul-Two Hills Pakan Pembina Redwater Redwater-Andrew Smoky River Spirit River Spirit River-Fairview Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert St. Paul Sturgeon Victoria Westlock-Sturgeon Whitecourt Whitecourt-Ste. Anne Whitford
Edmonton	Edmonton Edmonton-Avonmore Edmonton-Belmont Edmonton-Beverly Edmonton-Beverly-Belmont Edmonton-Calder Edmonton-Centre Edmonton East Edmonton-Glengarry Edmonton-Highlands Edmonton-Highlands-Beverly Edmonton-Jasper Place Edmonton-Kingsway Edmonton-Mayfield Edmonton-Meadowlark Edmonton-Mill Creek Edmonton North Edmonton North East Edmonton-Norwood Edmonton-Ottewell Edmonton-Parkallen Edmonton-Roper Edmonton-Sherwood Park Edmonton West Jasper West Strathcona Strathcona Centre Strathcona East Strathcona South Strathcona West
Central	Acadia Acadia-Coronation Alexandra Battle River-Wainwright Bruce Chinook Clover Bar Clover Bar-Fort Saskatchewan Didsbury Drayton Valley Drayton Valley-Calmar Drumheller Drumheller-Chinook Drumheller-Gleichen Gleichen Hand Hills Hand Hills-Acadia Hanna-Oyen Innisfail Lac Ste. Anne Lacombe Lacombe-Stettler Leduc Leduc-Beaumont-Devon Lloydminster Olds Olds-Didsbury Ponoka Ponoka-Rimbey Red Deer Ribstone Rocky Mountain House Sedgewick Sedgewick-Coronation Spruce Grove-St. Albert Stettler Stony Plain Three Hills Three Hills-Airdrie Vegreville Vegreville-Bruce Vegreville-Viking Vermilion Vermilion-Lloydminster Vermilion-Viking Wainwright Wetaskiwin Wetaskiwin-Camrose Wetaskiwin-Leduc Willingdon Willingdon-Two Hills
Calgary	Calgary Calgary Bowness Calgary Centre Calgary-Egmont Calgary-Forest Lawn Calgary-Fort Calgary-Hawkwood Calgary-Mackay Calgary-Mackay-Nose Hill Calgary-McKnight Calgary-Millican Calgary-Montrose Calgary-North Hill Calgary-Nose Creek Calgary-Nose Hill Calgary Queens Park Calgary South Calgary Victoria Park Centre Calgary North Calgary South Calgary
South	Airdrie Airdrie-Chestermere Airdrie-Rocky View Banff Banff-Cochrane Bow Valley Bow Valley-Empress Cardston Cardston-Chief Mountain Cardston-Taber-Warner Chestermere-Rocky View Claresholm Cochrane Coronation Cypress Cypress-Redcliff Empress Foothills-Rocky View High River Lethbridge Lethbridge City Lethbridge District Little Bow Macleod Medicine Hat Medicine Hat-Redcliff Nanton Nanton-Claresholm Okotoks Okotoks-High River Pincher Creek Pincher Creek-Crowsnest Pincher Creek-Macleod Redcliff Rocky Mountain Rosebud Strathmore-Brooks Taber Warner

v t e Elections and referendums in Alberta
General elections	1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1926 1930 1935 1940 1944 1948 1952 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1982 1986 1989 1993 1997 2001 2004 2008 2012 2015 2019 2023 Next
By-elections	26th Alberta Legislature (2004–2008) 27th Alberta Legislature (2008–2012) 28th Legislature (2012–2015) 29th Legislature (2015–2019)
Senate nominee elections	1989 1998 2004 2012 2021
Municipal elections	1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2017 2021
Referendums	1915 1920 1923 1948 1957 1967 1971 2021
See also: Elections in Canada

53°24′N 110°48′W / 53.4°N 110.8°W / 53.4; -110.8

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vermilion_(provincial_electoral_district)&oldid=1210431276" Category: ●Former provincial electoral districts of Alberta Hidden categories: ●Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas ●Articles with short description ●Short description is different from Wikidata ●Use mdy dates from November 2021 ●Coordinates on Wikidata ●This page was last edited on 26 February 2024, at 16:04 (UTC). ●Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. ●Privacy policy ●About Wikipedia ●Disclaimers ●Contact Wikipedia ●Code of Conduct ●Developers ●Statistics ●Cookie statement ●Mobile view

Contents