Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July

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July 1: Eid al-Mubahalah (Shia Islam, 2024); Canada Day (1867)

Brown 10-centime Belgian epaulette

• 692 – Berhtwald was elected Archbishop of Canterbury.
• 1849 – Belgium introduced its first series of postage stamps, known as epaulettes (example pictured).
• 1862 – American Civil War: Confederate general Robert E. Lee launched a series of disjointed and ultimately unsuccessful assaults on the nearly impregnable Union position on Malvern Hill in Henrico County, Virginia.
• 1874 – The Remington No. 1, the first commercially successful typewriter, went on sale.
• 1999 – Legislative powers in Scotland were first devolved from the Scottish Office in London to the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh.

July 2

James A. Garfield

• 626 – Li Shimin led his forces to assassinate his rival brothers in a coup for the imperial throneofTang China.
• 1644 – First English Civil War: The combined forces of Scottish Covenanters and English Parliamentarians defeated Royalist troops at the Battle of Marston Moor.
• 1724 – On the Feast of the Visitation, Bach led the first performance of his Meine Seel erhebt den Herren, BWV 10, based on the German Magnificat.
• 1881 – U.S. president James A. Garfield (pictured) was fatally shotbyCharles J. Guiteau at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station in Washington, D.C.
• 1964 – The Civil Rights Act was signed into law, outlawing segregation in schools, at the workplace, and other facilities that served the general public in the United States.

July 3

French destroyer Mogador burning after British shellfire

• 324 – Civil wars of the Tetrarchy: Roman emperor Constantine the Great defeated his former colleague Licinius at the Battle of Adrianople.
• 1754 – French and Indian War: George Washington surrendered Fort Necessity in Pennsylvania, the only military surrender in his career.
• 1940 – Second World War: The Royal Navy attacked the French fleetatMers El Kébir (pictured), fearing that the ships would fall into Axis hands after the French–German armistice.
• 1970 – Dan-Air Flight 1903 crashed into the slopes of the Montseny MassifinCatalonia, Spain, killing all 112 people aboard.
• 1979 – U.S. president Jimmy Carter signed a presidential finding, authorizing covert operations to aid the mujahideen against the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

July 4: Independence Day in the United States (1776); Republic Day in the Philippines (1946); Liberation Day in Rwanda (1994)

Crab Nebula

• 414 – Byzantine emperor Theodosius II proclaimed his elder sister Aelia PulcheriaasAugusta.
• 1054 – Chinese astronomers recorded the sudden appearance of a "guest star", later identified as the supernova that created the Crab Nebula (pictured).
• 1863 – American Civil War: Confederate forces failed in an attempt to recapture the Union-occupied Helena, Arkansas.
• 1954 – In what is known as "The Miracle of Bern", West Germany defeated Hungary 3–2 to win the FIFA World Cup.
• 1954 – CIA officers arrived in Guatemala City to begin Operation PBHistory in an attempt to justify the overthrowing of Guatemalan president Jacobo Árbenz one week earlier.

July 5: Fifth of July in New York

Artefacts from the Staffordshire Hoard

• 1841 – Thomas Cook, the founder of the British travel company Thomas Cook & Son, organised his first excursion, escorting about 500 people from LeicestertoLoughborough.
• 1924 – Brazilian Army rebels launched an uprisinginSão Paulo against President Artur Bernardes, who authorized the bombing of the city in response.
• 1969 – Two days after the death of their founder Brian Jones, the Rolling Stones performed at a free festivalinHyde Park, London, in front of more than a quarter of a million fans.
• 2009 – The Staffordshire Hoard, the largest collection of Anglo-Saxon gold ever discovered, consisting of more than 1,500 items (examples pictured), was found near HammerwichinStaffordshire.

July 6:

Jadranka Kosor

• 1614 – The Ottoman Empire made a final attempt to conquer the island of Malta, but were repulsed by the Knights Hospitaller.
• 1777 – American Revolutionary War: American troops at Fort Ticonderoga in New York completed a retreat from advancing British forces, causing an uproar among the American public.
• 1809 – Napoleon's French forces defeated Archduke Charles' Austrian army at the Battle of Wagram, the decisive confrontation of the War of the Fifth Coalition.
• 1936 – A major breach of the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal in England sent millions of gallons of water cascading 300 feet (90 m) into the River Irwell.
• 2009 – Jadranka Kosor (pictured) became the first female prime minister of Croatia.

July 7

Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.

• 1456 – Joan of Arc was declared innocent of heresy in a retrial twenty-five years after her death.
• 1798 – Outraged by the XYZ Affair, the United States rescinded its treaties with France, resulting in the undeclared Quasi-War, fought entirely at sea.
• 1907 – Inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris, American impresario Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. (pictured) staged the first of his Ziegfeld Follies.
• 1963 – The secret police of Ngô Đình Nhu, brother and chief political adviser of South Vietnamese president Ngô Đình Diệm, attacked a group of American journalists who were covering a protest during the Buddhist crisis.
• 1991 – Yugoslav Wars: The signing of the Brioni Agreement ended the Ten-Day War between SFR Yugoslavia and Slovenia.

July 8: Islamic New Year (2024, 1446 AH)

John Clarke

• 1663 – Baptist minister John Clarke (pictured) was granted the Rhode Island Royal Charter, described as the "grandest instrument of human liberty ever constructed".
• 1874 – Members of the North-West Mounted PoliceatFort Dufferin began their March West, their first journey to the Canadian Prairies.
• 1947 – Following reports of the capture of a "flying disc"byU.S. Army Air Forces personnel near Roswell, New Mexico, the military stated that the crashed object was a conventional weather balloon.
• 1966 – King Mwambutsa IV of Burundi was deposed in a coup d'état by his son, Prince Charles Ndizi.
• 2014 – German citizen Lars Mittank disappeared from Varna Airport, Bulgaria; his last known movements were widely watched on YouTube.

July 9

Wolfgang and Maria Anna Mozart

• 1763 – The Mozart family grand tour began, presenting child prodigies Maria Anna and Wolfgang (both pictured) in Western Europe.
• 1877 – The inaugural Wimbledon Championship, the world's oldest tennis tournament, began in London.
• 1896 – Politician William Jennings Bryan made his Cross of Gold speech advocating bimetallism, considered one of the greatest political speeches in American history.
• 1958 – An earthquake struck Lituya Bay, Alaska; the subsequent megatsunami, the largest in modern times, reached an elevation of 1,720 ft (524 m).
• 1962 – In a seminal moment for pop art, Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans exhibition opened at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles.

July 10: Independence Dayinthe Bahamas (1973)

Martin Luther King Jr.

• 1645 – English Civil War: The Parliamentarians destroyed the last Royalist field army at the Battle of Langport, ultimately giving Parliament control of the west of England.
• 1942 – A downed Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero was discovered on Akutan Island, Alaska; it was later rebuilt and flown to devise tactics against the aircraft during World War II.
• 1966 – Martin Luther King Jr. (pictured) led a rally in support of the Chicago Freedom Movement, one of the most ambitious civil-rights campaigns in the northern United States.
• 1999 – The United States defeated Chinainthe final match of the third FIFA Women's World Cup, setting records in both attendance and television ratings for women's sports.
• 2006 – Typhoon Ewiniar made landfall in South Korea, causing damages across the country amounting to 2.06 trillion won (US$1.4 billion).

July 11: Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Genocide in Poland (1943)

Leicester balloon riot, 1864

• 1405 – An expeditionary fleet led by Zheng He set sail for foreign regions of the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, marking the start of Ming China's treasure voyages.
• 1846 – British soldier Frederick John White died after a flogging, leading to a campaign to end the practice in the British Army.
• 1864 – A riot broke out in Leicester, England, at the failed launching of a gas balloon (pictured).
• 1928 – Archaeologist Ivan Borkovský discovered a medieval skeletonatPrague Castle; competing factions claimed the skeleton as Germanic or Slavic in origin.
• 1936 – New York City's Triborough Bridge, the "biggest traffic machine ever built", opened to traffic.

July 12

The Rolling Stones in 2015

• 927 – King Æthelstan of England secured the submission of four northern rulers: Constantine II of Scotland, Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Ealdred I of Bamburgh, and Owain ap Dyfnwal of Strathclyde, leading to seven years of peace.
• 1488 – Choe Bu, an official of the Joseon dynasty, returned to Korea after months of shipwrecked travel in China.
• 1801 – French Revolutionary Wars: A squadron of British ships of the line defeated a larger squadron of Spanish and French vessels in the Strait of Gibraltar.
• 1948 – Arab–Israeli War: Israel Defense Forces officer Yitzhak Rabin signed an order to expel Palestinians from the towns of Lydda and Ramle.
• 1962 – The English rock band the Rolling Stones (pictured) played their first concert at the Marquee Club in London.

July 13: Kashmir Martyrs' Day in Pakistan

Harold Macmillan

• 1586 – Anglo–Spanish War: A convoy of English ships from the Levant Company repelled a fleet of Spanish and Maltese galleys at the Battle of Pantelleria.
• 1831 – Wallachian officials adopted the Regulamentul Organic, which engendered a period of reforms that provided for the westernization of the local society.
• 1943 – World War II: Operation Fustian, an Allied operation to capture the Primosole Bridge in Sicily, was launched.
• 1962 – In an unprecedented reshuffle, British prime minister Harold Macmillan (pictured) dismissed seven members of his cabinet.
• 1992 – Croatian War of Independence: The Croatian Army concluded Operation Tiger, advancing 17 kilometres (11 miles) into the Dubrovnik hinterland.

July 14: Bastille Day in France (1789); Festino di Santa Rosalia begins in Palermo, Italy

Machu Picchu

• 1791 – The Priestley Riots, targeting religious dissenters such as Joseph Priestley, began in Birmingham, England.
• 1874 – A fire destroyed 812 structures and killed 20 people in Chicago, leading to reforms in the city's fire-prevention and firefighting efforts.
• 1902 – An expedition led by Peruvian explorer and farmer Agustín Lizárraga discovered the Incan city of Machu Picchu (pictured).
• 1950 – Korean War: North Korean troops began attacking the headquarters of the American 24th Infantry Division in present-day Daejeon, South Korea.
• 2003 – Valerie Plame's identity as a CIA operative was leaked to and published by journalist Robert Novak.

July 15: Marine Day in Japan (2024)

Psy

• 1799 – French soldiers at Fort Julien, near the Egyptian port city of Rashid, uncovered the Rosetta Stone, which was essential in the decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts.
• 1870 – Following the transfer of Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company, Manitoba was established as a province of Canada.
• 1943 – The all-female Emilia Plater Independent Women's Battalion was formed in the Soviet Union's First Polish Army.
• 2009 – Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 crashed in northwestern Iran, killing all 168 people aboard.
• 2012 – South Korean rapper Psy (pictured) released his hit single "Gangnam Style".

July 16

Impact site on Jupiter of a Shoemaker–Levy 9 fragment

• 1377 – The ten-year-old Richard II was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.
• 1782 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail premiered in Vienna, after which Emperor Joseph II anecdotally remarked that it had "too many notes".
• 1950 – Korean War: A Korean People's Army unit massacred 31 prisoners of war of the U.S. Army on a mountain near the village of Tuman.
• 1994 – Fragments of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 began colliding with the planet Jupiter (impact site pictured), with the first impact causing a fireball that reached a peak temperature of 24,000 kelvin.
• 2004 – Millennium Park, a public park in Chicago, Illinois, and one of the world's largest rooftop gardens, opened to the public.

July 17: Constitution Day in South Korea (1948); World Emoji Day

Russian imperial family, 1913

• 1850 – William Cranch Bond and John Adams Whipple took a daguerreotypeofVega, the first astrophotograph of a star other than the Sun.
• 1862 – The garrotting and robbery of James Pilkington, a British member of Parliament, led to a moral panic in London.
• 1918 – Russian Revolution: Tsar Nicholas II and his family (pictured) were murderedbyBolsheviksatYekaterinburg.
• 1944 – Laden with munitions for World War II, two ships exploded at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in California, killing 320 people and injuring more than 400 others.
• 2014 – Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down over eastern Ukraine, killing all 298 people on board.

July 18

Coronation of Pedro II of Brazil

• 1806 – An explosion at a gunpowder magazineinBirgu, Malta, killed an estimated 200 people.
• 1841 – Pedro II, the last emperor of Brazil, was crowned (depicted) at the Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro.
• 1949 – Francisco Javier Arana, the chief of the Guatemalan armed forces, was killed in a shootout with supporters of President Juan José Arévalo.
• 1984 – A gunman massacred 21 people and injured 15 others at a McDonald's restaurant in the district of San YsidroofSan Diego, California.
• 2019 – An arson attack at the studio of Kyoto Animation in Japan led to the deaths of 36 people.

July 19

Remains of the Mary Rose

• 1333 – Second War of Scottish Independence: Scottish forces under Sir Archibald Douglas were heavily defeated by the English at the Battle of Halidon Hill while trying to relieve Berwick-upon-Tweed.
• 1545 – The English warship Mary Rose sank outside Portsmouth during the Battle of the Solent; it was raised from the seabed in 1982 (remains pictured).
• 1916 – First World War: The "worst 24 hours in Australia's entire history" occurred when Australian forces unsuccessfully attacked German defences at Fromelles, France.
• 1957 – The largely autobiographical novel The Ordeal of Gilbert PinfoldbyEvelyn Waugh was published.
• 2014 – Gunmen ambushed an Egyptian military checkpoint in the Libyan Desert near Farafra, killing 22 soldiers.

July 20

Buzz Aldrin's bootprint on the Moon

• 1651 – Wars of the Three Kingdoms: After crossing the Firth of Forth, English Commonwealth forces defeated a Scottish army at the Battle of Inverkeithing, opening the rest of the country to occupation.
• 1867 – The United States Congress established the Indian Peace Commission to seek peace treaties with a number of Native American tribes.
• 1917 – Serbian prime minister Nikola Pašić and Yugoslav Committee president Ante Trumbić signed the Corfu Declaration, agreeing to seek the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
• 1969 – The Apollo 11 lunar module landed on the Sea of Tranquillity, where Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first men to walk on the Moon six and a half hours later (bootprint pictured).

July 21: Belgian National Day (1831)

Depiction of the Ciompi Revolt

• 625 – Paulinus was consecrated as the first bishop of YorkbyJustus, the archbishop of Canterbury.
• 1378 – Unrepresented labourers revolted and violently took over the government of the Republic of Florence (depicted), demanding that they be granted political office.
• 1946 – After weeks of unrest, rioters lynched Bolivian president Gualberto Villarroel, desecrating and hanging his corpse in the streets of La Paz.
• 1959 – The inaugural International Mathematical Olympiad, the leading mathematical competition for pre-university students, began in Romania.
• 1977 – Libyan forces carried out a raid at Sallum, sparking a four-day war with Egypt.

July 22: Feast dayofSaint Mary Magdalene (Christianity)

Jules-Albert de Dion

• 838 – Arab–Byzantine wars: The forces of the Abbasid Caliphate defeated Byzantine troops led by Emperor Theophilos at the Battle of Anzen, near present-day Dazman, Turkey.
• 1864 – American Civil War: Confederate forces unsuccessfully attacked Union troops at the Battle of Atlanta.
• 1894 – Jules-Albert de Dion (pictured) finished first in the world's first motor race, but did not win as his steam-powered car was against the rules.
• 1944 – World War II: In opposition to the government-in-exile based in London, the Soviet-backed Polish Committee of National Liberation was proclaimed to govern territory recaptured from Germany.
• 1954 – A limited state of martial law was declared in Russell County, Alabama, due to organized crime.

July 23: Seventeenth of Tammuz (Judaism, 2024), Birthday of Haile Selassie (Rastafari)

Wilfred Rhodes in 1906

• 1860 – The trial of the Eastbourne manslaughter, which later became an important legal precedent in the United Kingdom for discussions of corporal punishment in schools, began in Lewes.
• 1862 – American Civil War: Henry Halleck was appointed general-in-chief of the Union Army.
• 1927 – Wilfred Rhodes (pictured)ofEngland and Yorkshire became the only person to play in 1,000 first-class cricket matches.
• 1942 – The Holocaust: The gas chambersatTreblinka extermination camp began operation, killing 6,500 Jews who had been transported from the Warsaw Ghetto the day before.
• 1999 – In Tulia, Texas, 47 people were arrested for dealing cocaine; years later, 35 of the 47 were pardoned by the Governor of Texas.

July 24: Pioneer DayinUtah, United States (1847)

Konstantinos Karamanlis

• 1567 – Mary, Queen of Scots, was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son, who became James VI.
• 1959 – Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and U.S. vice president Richard Nixon held an impromptu debate at the opening of the American National ExhibitionatSokolniki Park in Moscow.
• 1974 – The Metapolitefsi period began with Konstantinos Karamanlis (pictured) taking office as Prime Minister of Greece after the collapse of the military junta.
• 1980 – The Australian swimming team, nicknamed the Quietly Confident Quartet, won the men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay at the Moscow Olympics.
• 2014 – Air Algérie Flight 5017 disappeared from radar shortly after take-off from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; its wreckage was found the following day in Mali with no survivors.

July 25: National Day of Galicia, Saint James's Day

Pratibha Patil

• 306 – Constantine the Great was proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops after the death of Constantius Chlorus.
• 1788 – Mozart completed his Symphony No. 40, one of his two extant minor-key symphonies.
• 1898 – Spanish–American War: After more than two months of sea-based bombardment, the United States invaded Puerto Rico.
• 1943 – The Grand Council of Fascism voted a motion of no confidence against Benito Mussolini, who was arrested the same day by King Victor Emmanuel III and replaced by Pietro Badoglio.
• 2007 – Pratibha Patil (pictured) was sworn in as the first female president of India.

July 26: Independence Day in the Maldives (1965), Kargil Vijay Diwas in India

L. L. Zamenhof

• 1759 – French and Indian War: Troops led by French brigadier general François-Charles de Bourlamaque attempted to blow up Fort Carillon, near present-day Ticonderoga, New York, instead than defending it against approaching British forces.
• 1887 – L. L. Zamenhof (pictured) published Unua Libro, the first publication to describe Esperanto, a constructed international language.
• 1936 – The Canadian National Vimy Memorial, dedicated to the Canadian Expeditionary Force members killed in the First World War, was unveiled in Pas-de-Calais, France.
• 1953 – The Battle of the Samichon River, the last engagement of the Korean War, ended only a few hours before the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed.
• 2007 – After widespread controversy throughout Wales, Shambo, a black Friesian bull that had been adopted by the local Hindu community, was slaughtered due to concerns about bovine tuberculosis.

July 27

Comet 1 prototype

• 1054 – During his invasion of Scotland, Siward, Earl of Northumbria, defeated Macbeth, King of Scotland, in an engagement north of the Firth of Forth.
• 1214 – Philip II of France decisively won the Battle of Bouvines, the conclusive battle of the 1213–1214 Anglo-French War.
• 1916 – First World War: British mariner Charles Fryatt was executed in Bruges, Belgium, after a German court-martial found him guilty of being a franc-tireur.
• 1949 – The de Havilland Comet (prototype pictured), the world's first commercial jet airliner to reach production, made its maiden flight.
• 1990 – Jamaat al Muslimeen, a radical Islamic group, began a coup attempt against the government of Trinidad and Tobago by taking hostages, including Prime Minister A. N. R. Robinson, before surrendering five days later.

July 28: Statehood Day in Ukraine (2022)

Reconstruction of the Sutton Hoo helmet

• 1540 – King Henry VIII of England had his chief minister Thomas Cromwell executed for treason and heresy.
• 1866 – At the age of 18, Vinnie Ream became the youngest artist and first woman to receive a commission from the United States government for a statue—that of Abraham Lincoln currently in the U.S. Capitol rotunda.
• 1911 – The Australasian Antarctic Expedition began with the departure of SY Aurora from London.
• 1939 – During the excavation of a 7th-century ship burialatSutton HooinSuffolk, England, archaeologists discovered a helmet (pictured) that is widely associated with King Rædwald of East Anglia.
• 2005 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army announced the formal end of its armed campaign to overthrow British rule in Northern Ireland and create a united Ireland.

July 29: Torch Festival in China (2024)

Cape Cod Canal

• 1014 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Byzantine forces defeated troops of the Bulgarian Empire at the Battle of Kleidion in the mountains of Belasica near present-day Klyuch.
• 1693 – Nine Years' War: French troops defeated the forces of the Grand Alliance led by William III of England at the Battle of Landen in present-day Neerwinden, Belgium.
• 1818 – French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel submitted a memoir on the diffraction of light to the Royal Academy of Sciences, providing strong support for the wave theory of light.
• 1914 – The Cape Cod Canal (pictured), connecting Cape Cod Bay and Buzzards Bay in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, opened on a limited basis.
• 1954 – The Fellowship of the Ring, the first part of J. R. R. Tolkien's high-fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings, was published by Allen & Unwin.

July 30

Portrait of Miguel Hidalgo by Antonio Fabrés

• 1811 – Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (depicted), leader of the Mexican War of Independence, was executed by Spanish forces in Chihuahua City, Mexico.
• 1871 – The boiler of the Staten Island Ferry Westfield II exploded at South FerryinNew York City, killing at least 45 people.
• 1981 – Amid a widespread economic crisis and food shortages in Poland, up to 50,000 people, mostly women and children, took part in the largest of nationwide hunger demonstrationsinŁódź.
• 1990 – British Conservative Member of Parliament Ian Gow was killed outside his home in a car bombing by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.
• 2014 – More than 150 people died after heavy rains triggered a landslide in the village of Malin in Maharashtra, India.

July 31: Lā Hae Hawaiʻi (Flag Day) and Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea (Sovereignty Restoration Day) in Hawaii (1843)

The lunar surface as photographed by Ranger 7 approximately 17 minutes before impact

• 1874 – Patrick Francis Healy was inaugurated as president of Georgetown University, becoming the first African-American president of a predominantly white university in the United States.
• 1924 – A private senator's billbyHerbert Payne to introduce compulsory voting in Australia became law.
• 1954 – A team of Italian climbers became the first to reach the summit of K2, the world's second-highest mountain.
• 1964 – The space probe Ranger 7 captured thousands of close-up photographs of the Moon (example pictured) over its final minutes of flight and transmitted them to Earth before crashing on the lunar surface.
• 2014 – Gas explosionsinKaohsiung, Taiwan, killed 32 people and injured 321 others.

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