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W i k i p e d i a : V i d e o W i k i / C h o l e r a
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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
< W i k i p e d i a : V i d e o W i k i
Overview
[ edit ]
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae .[1] [2]
Symptoms
[ edit ]
Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe[2] , but the classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea , that lasts a few days.[3]
Other symptoms
[ edit ]
Vomiting , and muscle cramps may also occur with the disease .[2]
Dehydration
[ edit ]
Diarrhea can be so severe, that it leads to severe dehydration , and electrolyte imbalances within hours.[3]
Signs of dehydration
[ edit ]
Severe dehydration can give the patient sunken eyes , cold skin, decreased skin elasticity, and wrinkling of the hands and feet.[4] Dehydration can cause the skin to turn bluish .[5]
Timing of symptoms
[ edit ]
Symptoms typically start two hours, to five days after exposure.[2]
Cause
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Cholera can be caused by different types of Vibrio cholerae , with some types producing more severe disease than others, which can make some outbreaks more severe than others.[3]
Spread
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The main cause of Cholera is drinking unsafe water , that has been contaminated with human feces containing the bacteria, or unsafe food contaminated by infected water.[3]
Poorly cooked food
[ edit ]
Undercooked seafood is a common source for the disease.[6] , and humans are the only animal affected.[3]
Risk factors
[ edit ]
Risk factors for the disease include poor sanitation , not enough clean drinking water , and poverty .[3]
Effect of global warming
[ edit ]
There are concerns that rising sea levels , caused by global warming, will increase rates of disease.[3]
Diagnosis
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Cholera can be diagnosed by a stool test .[3]
Prevention
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Prevention methods against cholera include improved sanitation, access to clean water , and good hygiene.[4]
Vaccination
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Cholera vaccines that are given by mouth, provide reasonable protection to the disease for about six months[3] , and, they have the added benefit of protecting against another type of diarrhea, caused by E. coli .[3]
Treatment
[ edit ]
The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy —the replacement of fluids with slightly sweet and salty solutions .[3] Rice-based solutions are preferred.[3]
Zinc
[ edit ]
Zinc supplementation is useful in children.[7]
IV fluids and antibiotics
[ edit ]
In severe cases, intravenous fluids , such as Ringer's lactate , may be required, and antibiotics may be beneficial.[3] Testing to see which antibiotic the cholera is susceptible to, can help guide the choice.[2]
Epidemiology
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Cholera affects an estimated 3–5 million people worldwide and causes 28,800–130,000 deaths a year.[3] [8]
Developing nations
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Although it is classified as a pandemic disease as of 2010[update] , it is rare in the developed world ,[3] and affects mostly the children of developing countries.[3] [9]
Outbreaks vs chronic disease
[ edit ]
Cholera occurs as both outbreaks , and chronically in certain areas .[3] Areas with an ongoing risk of disease, include Africa , and Southeast Asia .[3]
Risk of death
[ edit ]
The risk of death among those affected is usually less than 5%, but can be as high as 50%.[3] Not having access to treatment dramatically increases the risk of death.[3]
History
[ edit ]
Descriptions of cholera are found as early as the 5th century BC in Sanskrit .[4] The study of cholera in England by John Snow , between 1849 and 1854, led to significant advances in the field of epidemiology .[4] [10] Seven large outbreaks have occurred over the last 200 years, with millions of deaths.[11]
References
[ edit ]
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper" (PDF) . Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec . 85 (13 ): 117–128. March 26, 2010. PMID 20349546 . Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2015.
^ a b c d Harris, JB; LaRocque, RC; Qadri, F; Ryan, ET; Calderwood, SB (30 June 2012). "Cholera" . Lancet . 379 (9835): 2466–76. doi :10.1016/s0140-6736(12 )60436-x . PMC 3761070 . PMID 22748592 .
^ Bailey, Diane (2011). Cholera (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4358-9437-2 . Archived from the original on 2016-12-03.
^ "Sources of Infection & Risk Factors" . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . November 7, 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015 .
^ "Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment" . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . November 7, 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015 .
^ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" . Lancet . 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi :10.1016/s0140-6736(16 )31012-1 . PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281 . CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link )
^ "Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection" . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . October 27, 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015 .
^ Timmreck, Thomas C. (2002). An introduction to epidemiology (3. ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7637-0060-7 . Archived from the original on 2016-12-03.
^ "Cholera's seven pandemics" . CBC . 9 May 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2018 .
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Cholera&oldid=1218477664 "
C a t e g o r y :
● V i d e o w i k i s c r i p t s
H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s :
● C S 1 e r r o r s : g e n e r i c n a m e
● C S 1 m a i n t : n u m e r i c n a m e s : a u t h o r s l i s t
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 1 1 A p r i l 2 0 2 4 , a t 2 3 : 0 0 ( U T C ) .
● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n .
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● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a
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● M o b i l e v i e w