This article is about the English geneticist. For his son the anthropologist and cyberneticist, see Gregory Bateson. For the British academic, see William Henry Bateson.
William Bateson (8 August 1861 – 8 February 1926) was an English biologist who was the first person to use the term genetics to describe the study of heredity, and the chief populariser of the ideas of Gregor Mendel following their rediscovery in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns. His 1894 book Materials for the Study of Variation was one of the earliest formulations of the new approach to genetics.
Between 1900 and 1910 Bateson directed a rather informal "school" of genetics at Cambridge. His group consisted mostly of women associated with Newnham College, Cambridge, and included both his wife Beatrice, and her sister Florence Durham.[5][6] They provided assistance for his research program at a time when Mendelism was not yet recognised as a legitimate field of study. The women, such as Muriel Wheldale (later Onslow), carried out a series of breeding experiments in various plant and animal species between 1902 and 1910. The results both supported and extended Mendel's laws of heredity. Hilda Blanche Killby, who had finished her studies with the Newnham College Mendelians in 1901, aided Bateson in the replication of Mendel's crosses in peas. She conducted independent breeding experiments in rabbits and bantam fowl, as well.[7]
In 1910, Bateson became director of the John Innes Horticultural Institution and moved with his family to Merton Park in Surrey. During his time at the John Innes Horticultural Institution he became interested in the chromosome theory of heredity and promoted the study of cytology by the appointment of W.C.F. Newton[8] and, in 1923, Cyril Dean Darlington.[9]
Bateson was married to Beatrice Durham. He first became engaged to her in 1889, but at the engagement party, was thought to have had too much wine, so his mother in law prevented her daughters' engagement.[5] They finally married 7 years later in June 1896,[5][11] by which time Arthur Durham had died and his wife had either died (according to Henig)[12] or had somehow been persuaded to drop her opposition to the marriage (according to Cock).[13] Their son was the anthropologist and cyberneticist Gregory Bateson.
Bateson has been described as a "very militant" atheist.[14][15]
Bateson's work published before 1900 systematically studied the structural variation displayed by living organisms and the light this might shed on the mechanism of biological evolution,[18] and was strongly influenced by both Charles Darwin's approach to the collection of comprehensive examples, and Francis Galton's quantitative ("biometric") methods. In his first significant contribution,[19] he shows that some biological characteristics (such as the length of forceps in earwigs) are not distributed continuously, with a normal distribution, but discontinuously (or "dimorphically"). He saw the persistence of two forms in one population as a challenge to the then current conceptions of the mechanism of heredity, and says "The question may be asked, does the dimorphism of which cases have now been given represent the beginning of a division into two species?"
In his 1894 book, Materials for the study of variation,[20] Bateson took this survey of biological variation significantly further. He was concerned to show that biological variation exists both continuously, for some characters, and discontinuously for others, and coined the terms "meristic" and "substantive" for the two types. In common with Darwin, he felt that quantitative characters could not easily be "perfected" by the selective force of evolution, because of the perceived problem of the "swamping effect of intercrossing", but proposed that discontinuously varying characters could.
InMaterials Bateson noted and named homeotic mutations, in which an expected body-part has been replaced by another. The animal mutations he studied included bees with legs instead of antennae; crayfish with extra oviducts; and in humans, polydactyly, extra ribs, and males with extra nipples. These mutations are in the homeobox genes which control the pattern of body formation during early embryonic development of animals. The 1995 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded for work on these genes. They are thought to be especially important to the basic development of all animals. These genes have a crucial function in many, and perhaps all, animals.[21]
InMaterials unaware of Gregor Mendel's results, Bateson wrote concerning the mechanism of biological heredity, "The only way in which we may hope to get at the truth is by the organization of systematic experiments in breeding, a class of research that calls perhaps for more patience and more resources than any other form of biological enquiry. Sooner or later such an investigation will be undertaken and then we shall begin to know." Mendel had cultivated and tested some 28,000 plants, performing exactly the experiment Bateson wanted.[22][23][24]
Also in Materials, he stated what has been called Bateson's rule, namely that extra legs are mirror-symmetric with their neighbours, such as when an extra leg appears in an insect's leg socket. It appears to be caused by the leaking of positional signals across the limb-limb interface, so that the extra limb's polarity is reversed.[25]
In 1897 he reported some significant conceptual and methodological advances in his study of variation.[26] "I have argued that variations of a discontinuous nature may play a prepondering part in the constitution of a new species." He attempts to silence his critics (the "biometricians") who misconstrue his definition of discontinuity of variation by clarification of his terms: "a variation is discontinuous if, when all the individuals of a population are breeding freely together, there is not simple regression to one mean form, but a sensible preponderance of the variety over the intermediates… The essential feature of a discontinuous variation is therefore that, be the cause what it may, there is not complete blending between variety and type. The variety persists and is not "swamped by intercrossing". But critically, he begins to report a series of breeding experiments, conducted by Edith Saunders, using the alpine brassica Biscutella laevigata in the Cambridge botanic gardens. In the wild, hairy and smooth forms of otherwise identical plants are seen together. They intercrossed the forms experimentally, "When therefore the well-grown mongrel plants are examined, they present just the same appearance of discontinuity which the wild plants at the Tosa Falls do. This discontinuity is, therefore, the outward sign of the fact that in heredity the two characters of smoothness and hairiness do not completely blend, and the offspring do not regress to one mean form, but to two distinct forms."
At about this time, Hugo de Vries and Carl Erich Correns began similar plant-breeding experiments. But, unlike Bateson, they were familiar with the extensive plant breeding experiments of Gregor Mendel in the 1860s, and they did not cite Bateson's work. Critically, Bateson gave a lecture to the Royal Horticultural Society in July 1899,[27] which was attended by Hugo de Vries, in which he described his investigations into discontinuous variation, his experimental crosses, and the significance of such studies for the understanding of heredity. He urged his colleagues to conduct large-scale, well-designed and statistically analysed experiments of the sort that, although he did not know it, Mendel had already conducted, and which would be "rediscovered" by de Vries and Correns just six months later.[24]
Bateson first suggested using the word "genetics" (from the Greek gennō, γεννώ; "to give birth") to describe the study of inheritance and the science of variation in a personal letter to Adam Sedgwick (1854–1913, zoologist at Cambridge, not the Adam Sedgwick (1785–1873) who had been Darwin's professor), dated 18 April 1905.[29] Bateson first used the term "genetics" publicly at the Third International Conference on Plant Hybridization in London in 1906.[30][31] Although this was three years before Wilhelm Johannsen used the word "gene" to describe the units of hereditary information, De Vries had introduced the word "pangene" for the same concept already in 1889, and etymologically the word genetics has parallels with Darwin's concept of pangenesis. Bateson and Edith Saunders also coined the word "allelomorph" ("other form"), which was later shortened to allele.[32]
Bateson co-discovered genetic linkage with Reginald Punnett and Edith Saunders, and he and Punnett founded the Journal of Genetics in 1910. Bateson also coined the term "epistasis" to describe the genetic interaction of two independent loci. His interpretations and philosophies were often at odds with Galtonian eugenics, and he was a pivotal figure in shifting the consensus away from strict hereditarianism.[33]
Bateson, William (1909). "Heredity and Variation in Modern Lights". In A.C. Seward (ed.). Essays in Commemoration of the Centenary of the Birth of Charles Darwin and of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Publication of "The Origin of Species". Cambridge University Press. pp. 85–101.
Bateson, William (1917). "The place of science in education". In A.C. Benson (ed.). Cambridge Essays on Education. Cambridge University Press.
Bateson, William; I. Pitman & Sons, Limited (1922). "Evolution and education". Ideals, Aims and Methods in Education. The New Educator's Library. Isaac Pitman Ltd.
Bateson, William (1928). Beatrice Bateson (ed.). Letters from the Steppe Written in the Years 1886-1887 by William Bateson. Cambridge University Press.
Journals and other media
Bateson, W. (1884). "The early stages in the development of Balanoglossus". Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 24: 208–236.
Bateson, W. (1886). "Continued account of the later stages in the development of Balanoglossus kowalevskii, and of the morphology of the Enteropneusta". Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 26: 511–533.
Bateson, W. (1886). "The ancestry of the chordata". Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 26: 535–571.
Bateson, W. (1888). "Suggestion that certain fossils known as Bilobites may be regarded as casts of Balanoglossus". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 6: 298.
Bateson, W. (1889). "Notes and memoranda: notes on the senses and habits of some Crustacea". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 1: 211–217.
Bateson, W. (1889). "On some variations of Cardium edule, apparently correlated to the conditions of life". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 180: 297–330.
Bateson, W. (1889). "On some variations of Cardium edule, apparently correlated to the conditions of life". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 46: 204–211.
Bateson, W. (1890). "On some cases of abnormal repetition of parts in animals". Proceedings of the Zoological Society: 579.
Bateson, W. (1890). "On some skulls of Egyptian mummified cats". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 7: 68.
Bateson, W. (1890). "On the nature of supernumary appendages in insects". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 7: 159.
Bateson, W. (1890), For Greek, Cambridge University Press
Bateson, W.; Bateson, Anna (1891). "On the variation in the floral symmetry of certain plants having irregular corollas". Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany. 28: 386–421. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1891.tb01469.x.
Bateson, W. (1892). "On variation in the colour of cocoons of Eriogaster lanestris and Saturnia carpini". Transactions of the Entomological Society of London: 45–52.
Bateson, W. (1892). "On numerical variation in teeth, with a discussion of the conception of homology". Proceedings of the Zoological Society: 102–115.
Bateson, W. (1892). "On variation in the colour of cocoons, pupae and larvae. Further experiments". Transactions of the Entomological Society of London: 205–214.
Bateson, W. (1892). "The alleged "aggressive mimicry" of Volucellae". Nature. 46 (1199): 585–586. doi:10.1038/046585d0. S2CID4008372.
Bateson, W. (1892). "Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some crab's limbs bearing supernumary claws". Proceedings of the Zoological Society: 76.
Bateson, W.; Brindley, H.H. (1892). "On some cases of variation in secondary sexual characters statistically examined". Proceedings of the Zoological Society: 585–594.
Bateson, W. (1893). "Exhibition of and remarks upon an abnormal foot of a calf". Proceedings of the Zoological Society: 530–531.
Bateson, W. (1894). "Exhibition of specimens of the common pilchard (Clupea pilchardus) showing variation in the number and size of the scales". Proceedings of the Zoological Society: 164.
Bateson, W. (1894). "Exhibition of specimens and drawings of a phytophagus beetle, in illustration of discontinuous variation in colour". Proceedings of the Zoological Society: 391.
Bateson, W. (1894). "On two cases of colour-variation in flat-fishes, illustrating principles of symmetry": 246–249. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Bateson, W. (1895). "Note in correction of a paper on colour-variation in flat-fishes". Proceedings of the Zoological Society: 890–891.
Bateson, W. (1895). "Notes on hybrid Cinerarias produced by Mr. Lynch and Miss Pertz". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 10: 308.
Bateson, W. (1895). "On the colour variations of a beetle of the family Chrysomelidae statistically examined". Proceedings of the Zoological Society: 850–860.
Bateson, W. (1896). "Exhibition of, and remarks upon, three pigeons showing webbing between the toes". Proceedings of the Zoological Society: 989–990.
Bateson, W. (1897). "Habits of Zygaena exulans". Entomological Record. 9: 328.
Bateson, W. (1897). "On progress in the study of variation". Science Progress. 6: 554–568.
Bateson, W. (1898). "On progress in the study of variation". Science Progress. 7: 53–68.
Bateson, W. (1898). "Experiments in the crossing of local races of Lepidoptera". Entomological Record. 10: 241.
Bateson, W. (1898). "Protective colouration of Lepidopterous pupae". Entomological Record. 10: 285.
Bateson, W. (1900). "Hybidization and cross-breeding as a method of scientific investigation". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 24: 59–66.
Bateson, W. (1900). "On a case of homoeosis in a crustacean of the genus Asellus. Antennule replaced by a mandible". Proceedings of the Zoological Society: 268–271.
Bateson, W. (1900). "British lepidoptera". Entomological Record. 12: 231.
Bateson, W. (1900). "Collective inquiry as to progressive melanism in moths". Entomological Record. 12: 140.
Bateson, W.; Pertz, D. (1900). "Notes on the inheritance of variation in the corolla of Veronica buxhaumii". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 10: 78–92.
Bateson, W. (1901). "Problems of heredity as a subject for horticultural investigation". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 25: 54–61.
Bateson, W. (1901). "Heredity, differentiation, and other conceptions of biology: a consideration of Professor Karl Pearson's paper 'On the principle of Homotyposis.'". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 69: 193–205.
Bateson, W. (1902). "Introductory note to the translation of 'Experiments in plant hybridization' by Gregor Mendel". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 26: 1–3.
Bateson, W. (1902). "Note on the resolution of compound characters by cross-breeding". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 12: 50–54.
Bateson, W. (1902). "British lepidoptera". Entomological Record. 12 (14): 320.
Bateson, W.; Saunders, Edith Rebecca (1902). Experimental Studies in the Physiology of Heredity. Reports to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society. pp. 1–160.
Bateson, W. (1903). "On Mendelian heredity of three characters allelomorphic to each other". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 12: 153–154.
Bateson, W. (1903). "The present state of knowledge of colour-heredity in mice and rats". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 2: 71–99.
Bateson, W. (1904). Report of the 74th meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Cambridge.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Bateson, W. (1904). "Practical aspects of the new discoveries in heredity". Memoirs of the Horticultural Society of New York. 1: 1–9.
Bateson, W. (1904). "Presidential address to Section D (Zoology) of the British Association, Cambridge".
Bateson, W. (1904). "Albinism in Sicily. A correction". Biometrika. 3 (4): 471–472. doi:10.1093/biomet/3.4.471.
Bateson, W. (1904). "A natural history of British lepidoptera". Entomological Record. 16: 234.
Bateson, W. (18 February 1904). "Exhibition of a series of Primula sinensis". Linnean Society: Report of General Meeting. Linnean Society. pp. 2–3.
Bateson, W. (1905). Experimental Studies in the Physiology of Heredity. British Association 1904. pp. 346–348.
Bateson, W. (24 June 1905). "Evolution for amateurs". The Speaker.
Bateson, W. (14 October 1905). "Heredity in the physiology of nations". The Speaker.
Bateson, W. (1905). "Practical aspects of the new discoveries in heredity". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 29: 417–419.
Bateson, W. (1905). "The exhibition of, and remarks upon specimens of fowls, illustrating peculiarities in the heredity of white plumage". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 2: 3.
Bateson, W. (1905). Experimental Studies in the Physiology of Heredity. British Association. p. 10.
Bateson, W.; Punnett, Reginald C. (1905). "A suggestion as to the nature of the 'walnut' comb in fowls". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 13: 165–168.
Bateson, W.; Saunders, Edith Rebecca; Punnett, R.C. (1905). Experimental studies in the Physiology of Heredity. Reports to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society. pp. 1–131.
Bateson, W.; Saunders, Edith Rebecca; Punnett, Reginald C. (1906). Experimental studies in the Physiology of Heredity. Reports to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society. pp. 1–53.
Bateson, W. (1906). "Mendelian heredity and its application to man". Brain (Part 114): 1–23.
Bateson, W.; Saunders, Edith Rebecca; Punnett, Reginald C. (1908). Experimental studies in the Physiology of Heredity. Reports to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society. pp. 1–59.
Bateson, W.; Saunders, Edith Rebecca (1909). Report IV. Experimental studies in the Physiology of Heredity. Reports to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society.
Bateson, W. (1909). "Boyle lecture" (Document). W. Bateson.
Bateson, W. (1911). Presidential address to the agricultural subsection, British Association, Portsmouth. British Association Report. British Association. pp. 587–596.
Bateson, W.; de Vilmorin, P.L. (1911). "A case of gametic coupling in Pisum". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 84 (568): 9–11. Bibcode:1911RSPSB..84....9D.
Bateson, W.; Punnett, Reginald C. (1911). "On the interrelations of genetic factors". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 84: 3–8.
Bateson, W.; Punnett, Reginald C. (1911). "On gametic series involving reduplication of certain terms". Journal of Genetics. 1 (4): 293–302. doi:10.1007/BF02981554. S2CID32414597.
Bateson, W. (1912). "Lectures to Royal Institution (Fullerian Professorship)". Gardeners' Chronicle. 51: 57–74, 89, 104, 120, 123, 139.
Bateson, W.; Punnett, Reginald C. (1913). "Reduplication of terms in series of gametes". Proceedings of the 4th Conference Internationale de Génétique. Paris. pp. 99–100.
Bateson, W. (1914). "Royal Institution and Fullerian lectures". Gardeners' Chronicle. 55: 74–92, 112, 131, 149, 171, 332–33.
Bateson, W.; Pellew, C. (1915). "On the genetics of "rogues" among culinary peas, Pisum sativum". Journal of Genetics. 5: 13–36. doi:10.1007/BF02982150. S2CID29807108.
Bateson, W.; Pellew, C. (1915). "Note on an orderly dissimilarity in inheritance from different parts of a plant". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 89: 174–175.
Bateson, W. (13 October 1916). "The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity". Science. 44 (1137): 536–543. doi:10.1126/science.44.1137.536.
Bateson, W. (1916). "Review of The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity by Morgan et al". Science. 44: 536–543. doi:10.1126/science.44.1137.536.
Bateson, W. (1916). "Notes on experiments with flax at the John Innes Horticultural Institution". Journal of Genetics. 5 (3): 199–201. doi:10.1007/BF02981841. S2CID33066511.
Bateson, W.; Sutton, I. (1919). "Double flowers and sex-linkage in Begonia". Journal of Genetics. 8 (3): 199–207. doi:10.1007/BF02983495. S2CID3037710.
Bateson, W. (1920). "Gametic segregation". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 91: 358–368.
Bateson, W.; Pellew, C. (1920). "The genetics of "rogues" among culinary peas, Pisum sativum". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 91 (638): 186–195. Bibcode:1920RSPSB..91..186B.
Bateson, W.; Gairdner, A.E. (1921). "Male sterility in flax, subject to two types of segregation". Journal of Genetics. 11 (3): 269–275. doi:10.1007/BF02983063. S2CID20551415.
Bateson, W. (1922). "Genetics". Encyclopædia Britannica (12 ed.).
Bateson, W. (1922). "Mendelism". Encyclopædia Britannica (12 ed.).
Bateson, W. (1922). "Sex". Encyclopædia Britannica (12 ed.).
Gregory, R.P.; de Winton, D.; Bateson, W. (1923). "Genetics of Primula sinensis". Journal of Genetics. 13 (2): 219–253. doi:10.1007/BF02983056. S2CID32503328.
Bateson, W.; Bateson, Gregory (1925). "On certain aberrations of the red-legged partridges Alectoris rufa and Saxatilis". Journal of Genetics. 16 (16): 101–123. doi:10.1007/BF02983990. S2CID28076556.
Bateson, W. (1926). "Segregation: being the Joseph Leidy Memorial Lecture of the University of Pennsylvania, 1922". Journal of Genetics. 16 (2): 201–235. doi:10.1007/BF02982999. S2CID37542635.
^Johns Hopkins University Circular Nov. (1883), vol III, no 27, pg 4.
^Bateson, William (1928). Letters From the Steppe Written in the Years 1886-1887 (1st ed.). Cambridge University Library: Methuen.
^ abcRichmond, Marsha L. (2006). "The 'Domestication' of Heredity: The Familial Organization of Geneticists at Cambridge University, 1895–1910". Journal of the History of Biology. 39 (3). Springer: 565–605. doi:10.1007/s10739-004-5431-7. JSTOR4332033. S2CID84924910.
^Richmond, M. L. (March 2001). "Women in the early history of genetics. William Bateson and the Newnham College Mendelians, 1900–1910". Isis. 92 (1): 69. doi:10.1086/385040. PMID11441497. S2CID29790111.
^"William Bateson was a very militant atheist and a very bitter man, I fancy. Knowing that I was interested in biology, they invited me when I was still a school girl to go down and see the experimental garden. I remarked to him what I thought then, and still think, that doing research must be the most wonderful thing in the world and he snapped at me that it wasn't wonderful at all, it was tedious, disheartening, annoying and anyhow you didn't need an experimental garden to do research." Interview with Dr. Cecilia GaposchkinArchived 3 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine by Owen Gingerich, 5 March 1968.
^Scientific papers of William Bateson. RC Punnett (Ed) : Cambridge University Press 1928 Vol 1
^Some cases of variation in secondary sexual characters statistically examined, Proc Zool Soc 1892
^Materials for the study of variation, treated with especial regard to discontinuity in the origin of species William Bateson 1861–1926. London : Macmillan 1894 xv, 598 p
^Progress in the study of variation I. Science Progress I, 1897
^Bateson, W. (1900) "Hybridisation and Cross-Breeding as a Method of Scientific Investigation" J. RHS (1900) 24: 59 – 66, a report of a lecture given at the RHS Hybrid Conference in 1899. Full text:
^Bateson W. (1906) "The progress of genetic research"Report of the Third International Conference 1906 on Genetics, W. Wilks, ed. London, England: Royal Horticultural Society. pp. 90–97. From p. 91: " … the science itself [i.e. the study of the breeding and hybridisation of plants] is still nameless, and we can only describe our pursuit by cumbrous and often misleading periphrasis. To meet this difficulty I suggest for the consideration of this Congress the term Genetics, which sufficiently indicates that our labors are devoted to the elucidation of the phenomena of heredity and variation: in other words, to the physiology of Descent, with implied bearing on the theoretical problems of the evolutionist and the systematist, and application to the practical problems of breeders, whether of animals or plants."
^Gordon M. Shepherd (2010). "Mendel's proposal that heredity is the outcome of 'independent factors' led William Bateson in England in 1906 to suggest the term 'genetics' as a specific biological term for the study of the rules of heredity. Following Bateson, Wilhelm Johannsen in Denmark in 1909 proposed the term 'gene' for the 'independent factors', as well as 'genotype' for the combination of genes in an individual and 'phenotype'" (Creating modern neuroscienceArchived 22 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, p. 17).
Hall BK (January 2005). "Betrayed by Balanoglossus: William Bateson's rejection of evolutionary embryology as the basis for understanding evolution". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution. 304 (1): 1–17. Bibcode:2005JEZB..304....1H. doi:10.1002/jez.b.21030. PMID15668943.
Richmond ML (March 2001). "Women in the early history of genetics. William Bateson and the Newnham College Mendelians, 1900–1910". Isis. 92 (1): 55–90. doi:10.1086/385040. PMID11441497. S2CID29790111.
Harvey RD (January 1995). "Pioneers of genetics: a comparison of the attitudes of William Bateson and Erwin Baur to eugenics". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 49 (1): 105–17. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1995.0007. PMID11615278. S2CID37331290.
Olby R (October 1987). "William Bateson's introduction of Mendelism to England: a reassessment". British Journal for the History of Science. 20 (67): 399–420. doi:10.1017/S0007087400024201. PMID11612343. S2CID38474184.
Harvey RD (November 1985). "The William Bateson letters at the John Innes Institute". The Mendel Newsletter (25): 1–11. PMID11620779.
Cock AG (January 1983). "William Bateson's rejection and eventual acceptance of chromosome theory". Annals of Science. 40: 19–59. doi:10.1080/00033798300200111. PMID11615930.
Cock AG (1980). "William Bateson's pilgrimages to Brno. Cesty Williama Batesona do Brna". Folia Mendeliana. 65 (15): 243–50. PMID11615869.
Cock AG (June 1977). "The William Bateson papers". The Mendel Newsletter. 14: 1–4. PMID11609980.
