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(Top) 1 Phylogeny 1.1 Basal Xenambulacraria 1.2 Xenambulacraria inside Deuterostomia 2 Gallery 3 References

Xenambulacraria

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Xenambulacraria Temporal range: Cambrian–Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Xenoturbellida (Xenoturbella japonica) Acoelomorpha (Waminoa sp.) Echinodermata (Thromidia catalai) Hemichordata (Balanoglossus sp.)
Examples of all four branches of Xenambulacraria
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Subkingdom:	Eumetazoa
Clade:	ParaHoxozoa
Clade:	Bilateria
Clade:	Xenambulacraria Bourlat et al, 2006^[1]
Clades
Xenacoelomorpha Xenoturbellida Acoelomorpha Ambulacraria Echinodermata Hemichordata

Xenambulacraria is a proposed clade of animals with bilateral symmetry as an embryo, consisting of the Xenacoelomorpha (i.e., Xenoturbella and acoelomorphs) and the Ambulacraria (i.e., echinoderms and hemichordates).^[1]

If confirmed, the clade would either be the sister group to the chordates (ifdeuterostomes are monophyletic) or the sister group to all the other bilaterians, grouped together in Centroneuralia (with deuterostomes being paraphyletic).^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Although the validity of the clade relies mostly on phylogenomics, molecular genetics studies have proposed pigment cell clusters expressing polyketide synthase (PKS) and sulfotransferase as a synapomorphy of Xenambulacraria.^[5]

Phylogeny

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Xenambulacraria has usually been recovered as a clade inside of either of two distinct phylogenies.

Basal Xenambulacraria

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The following phylogeny assumes a paraphyletic Deuterostomia, with Xenambulacraria at the base of Bilateria.^[4]

Xenambulacraria inside Deuterostomia

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The following phylogeny assumes a monophyletic Deuterostomia, with Xenambulacraria nested inside of it.

Gallery

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Diversity of Xenambulacrarians
Various Acoelomorpha (nemertodermatids).
Various Hemichordata (enteropneusts).
Various Echinodermata from all extant classes.

References

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^ ^a ^b ^c Bourlat, Sarah J.; Juliusdottir, Thorhildur; Lowe, Christopher J.; Freeman, Robert; Aronowicz, Jochanan; Kirschner, Mark; Lander, Eric S.; Thorndyke, Michael; Nakano, Hiroaki; Kohn, Andrea B.; Heyland, Andreas; Moroz, Leonid L.; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2006). "Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida". Nature. 444 (7115): 85–88. Bibcode:2006Natur.444...85B. doi:10.1038/nature05241. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17051155. S2CID 4366885.

^ Philippe, Hervé; Poustka, Albert J.; Chiodin, Marta; Hoff, Katharina J.; Dessimoz, Christophe; Tomiczek, Bartlomiej; Schiffer, Philipp H.; Müller, Steven; Domman, Daryl; Horn, Matthias; Kuhl, Heiner; Timmermann, Bernd; Satoh, Noriyuki; Hikosaka-Katayama, Tomoe; Nakano, Hiroaki; Rowe, Matthew L.; Elphick, Maurice R.; Thomas-Chollier, Morgane; Hankeln, Thomas; Mertes, Florian; Wallberg, Andreas; Rast, Jonathan P.; Copley, Richard R.; Martinez, Pedro; Telford, Maximilian J. (2019). "Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria". Current Biology. 29 (11): 1818–1826.e6. Bibcode:2019CBio...29E1818P. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009. hdl:21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31104936. S2CID 155104811.

^ Marlétaz, Ferdinand (2019-06-17). "Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians". Current Biology. 29 (12): R577–R579. Bibcode:2019CBio...29.R577M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.006. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31211978.

^ ^a ^b Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2021-03-19). "Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria". Science Advances. 7 (12): eabe2741. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2741K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe2741. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7978419. PMID 33741592.

^ Robertson, Helen E.; Sebe-Pedros, Arnau; Saudemont, Baptiste; Loe Mie, Yann; Zakrzewski, Ann; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Mailhe, Marie-Pierre; Schiffer, Philipp; Telford, Maximilian J.; Marlow, Heather (2022-08-18). "Single cell atlas of Xenoturbella bocki highlights the limited cell-type complexity of a nonvertebrate deuterostome lineage". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2022.08.18.504214.