RNA: messenger ribonucleic acidmRNARNA
mRNAmRNADNAmRNAtRNA()mRNA

mRNARNAmRNApre-mRNApre-mRNARNAmRNA mRNARNAtRNA

mRNADNA3RNARNArRNA2RNA

mRNA1960RNAmessenger RNA1961mRNA

合成、プロセシング、働き

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RNAポリメラーゼ酵素 (黄色)がDNA鎖を転写してmRNA (緑色)を形成する

mRNAmRNA寿mRNAmRNAmRNARNP

転写

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DNARNARNADNAmRNARNADNAmRNAtRNAmRNAtRNADNAmRNApre-mRNAmRNA

真核生物のpre-mRNAプロセシング

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(上段) DNA遺伝子はpre-mRNAに転写される。(中段) その後、pre-mRNAはプロセシングを経て成熟mRNAを形成する。(下段) 最終的に成熟mRNAはリボソームによって翻訳されてタンパク質が生成する。

mRNAmRNA[1]pre-mRNA

スプライシング

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RNAスプライシングは、真核生物のpre-mRNAが成熟mRNAに至る広範なプロセシングであり、イントロンアウトロン(非コード領域)が除去され、エクソン(コード領域)が結合する機構である。

5'キャップの付加

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真核生物mRNAの5'キャップの構造。7-メチルグアノシン (左上) が、5'-5'-トリリン酸結合 (中央) を介し、mRNAの最初の転写ヌクレオチド (右下) に結合することでキャップを形成する。

5'5' capRNARNA 7-RNA m7GRNA5'5'7-5'-5'-RNase

mRNA5'RNAmRNA

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mRNABmRNA

ポリアデニル化

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ポリアデニル化の過程

polyadenylationRNARNAmRNA3'[2](A)mRNAmRNAmRNA(A)

DNARNARNAmRNAmRNA3'2501mRNA

RNAARNA3'100-200mRNA

輸送

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mRNAmRNA[3]mRNACBCCBP20CBP80[4]TREX[5][6]mRNA[7]

mRNAmRNAmRNA[8]Arc/Arg3.1mRNANMDA[9]βmRNAmRNA[10]mRNAZBP140S沿ZBP1Src[11]mRNAmRNA便[12]mRNA[13][14]

翻訳

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mRNAからタンパク質への翻訳を示す模式図。リボソーム (緑)は、一連の伝令RNA (Messanger RNA) (黄緑)と、転移RNA (TRNA) (黄) に結びついたアミノ酸 (赤丸) から所定のタンパク質 (赤丸の連鎖) を組み立てる。

mRNA

mRNAmRNAEEF1A1mRNA/mRNA[15][]

構造

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成熟した真核生物のmRNAの構造。完全にプロセシングされたmRNAは、(左から右へ) 5'キャップ5' UTRコーディング領域3' UTR、およびポリ(A)テールから構成される。

コーディング領域

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coding regions1AUGUAGUAAUGA[16][17]pre-mRNA

非翻訳領域

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真核生物mRNAにおける5' 非翻訳領域 (5' UTR) および3' 非翻訳領域 (3' UTR) の一般的な構造を示す。

untranslated regionsUTRmRNA5' 5' UTR3' 3' UTRmRNAexonicmRNAmRNAUTRUTRmRNA3' UTRRNA[18]

mRNARNARNA5' UTR3' UTR (C

UTR3' UTR5' UTRmRNA3' UTRRNAmiRNAmRNA

mRNA3' UTR3' UTR

RNAmRNAmRNA調SECISmRNAmRNA

ポリ(A)テール

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3'ポリ(A)テール(3' poly(A) tail)は、pre-mRNAの3'末端に付加されたアデニンヌクレオチドの長い配列である(配列長は数100個が多い)。このテール(尾部)は、細胞核からの輸送と翻訳を促進するとともに、mRNAを分解から保護する役割を持つ。

モノシストロン型とポリシストロン型の違い

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mRNAmonocistronic mRNAmRNA[19][20]polycistronic mRNAmRNAORFcoding sequenceCDSmRNA[19]dicistronicbicistronicmRNA2[21]

mRNAの環状化

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mRNAの環状化と調節。(詳細は画像の概要を参照)

eIF4E(A)PABPeIF4GmRNA--mRNAmRNA[22]mRNAmRNAmRNAm7G(A)[23]

mRNAmRNA5'PCBP2PCBP2(A)mRNA--mRNA5'3'mRNAmRNA

RNA+mRNA[]RNARNA

分解

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mRNA寿mRNA1寿1-3mRNAmRNA[24]mRNA寿[25]mRNAmRNAmRNA寿mRNA

原核生物のmRNA分解

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RNA () 2 ()

mRNA寿3'5'mRNARNAsRNARNase IIImRNA5'5'[26]25'-5'3'RNase J

真核生物のmRNAターンオーバー

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mRNAeIF4EeIF4G(A)eIF4EeIF4GDCP2(A)PP-bodies[27]mRNA(A)RNARNARNA(A)

AUリッチエレメント分解

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mRNAAUARE(A)(A)[28][29]mRNAAUmRNATNFGM-CSF[30]AUc-Junc-Fos調[31]

ナンセンス変異依存mRNA分解機構

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mRNANMDV(D)JDNA5'3'(A)[32]

低分子干渉RNA (siRNA)

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DicerRNAsiRNARNARISCRNA-induced silencing complexsiRNAmRNAsiRNA使RNA[33]

マイクロRNA (miRNA)

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RNAmiRNARNARNA[34][35]miRNA(A)mRNAmiRNA[36][37]

その他の分解機構

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non-stop decayNSDPiwiRNAPiwi-interacting RNApiRNA

応用例

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RNAmodRNA[38][39]

RNARNA[40]RNA調RNA[39]RNA[38]

1989in vitro[41]mRNA1990mRNAmRNAmRNACRISPRCasmRNA使[42]

2010RNARNA[43]mRNACOVID-19 - COVID-19[44]

歴史

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1950RNA1RNAβ[45]1954RNA[46]1953DNARNA[47]mRNAmRNA[48]

mRNA196041519603mRNARNAmessenger RNA[48]

1961219615Journal of Molecular BiologymRNA[49][48]

関連項目

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脚注

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推薦文献

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外部リンク

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