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 S S: equivalence class a b a b

 S S   a Sa 


 S S   (quotient set)  (quotient space) S/ 

 S  

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X  1X/ 

X   A A[1]

 Z2 x y x y211[7], [9], [1]  Z/ [2]

X  b 0  (a, b) X    (a, b)  (c, d)  ad= bc (a, b)  a/b [3]

X L  M L M1

記法と定義

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  3[4]

X  aa  a

X 2 a, ba  b b a

X 3 a, b, ca  b b c a c

 a [a] a   


 R [a]R  a R-

 R X X/R X  R (quotient set of XbyR, Xmodulo R) [5]X  X/R  

 s c [s(c)] = c s(c)  c (representative) 

a  b a b n n amod na  n

性質

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X  x [x] 2 [x]  [y] X  XX 1[6] Xx  y x y[7]



x  y [x] = [y].

  Xx  y X2

グラフによる表現

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  X Xs  t s t[2]

不変量

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  X P(x) x  yP(y)  P(x) X  P     well-defined 

 f X Yx1  x2 f(x1) = f(x2) f         

 f: X Yx1  x2 f(x1) = f(x2)  Xx  f(x)  X [x]  f(x)  f

X  X Y  Y  X  Y 

位相空間論における商空間

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 X X

関連項目

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脚注

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  1. ^ Avelsgaard 1989, p. 127.
  2. ^ a b Devlin 2004, p. 123.
  3. ^ Maddox 2002, pp. 77–78.
  4. ^ Devlin 2004, p. 122.
  5. ^ Wolf 1998, p. 178.
  6. ^ Maddox 2002, p. 74, Thm. 2.5.15.
  7. ^ Avelsgaard 1989, p. 132, Thm. 3.16.

出典

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  • Avelsgaard, Carol (1989), Foundations for Advanced Mathematics, Scott Foresman, ISBN 0-673-38152-8 
  • Devlin, Keith (2004), Sets, Functions, and Logic: An Introduction to Abstract Mathematics (3rd ed.), Chapman & Hall/ CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-58488-449-1 
  • Maddox, Randall B. (2002), Mathematical Thinking and Writing, Harcourt/ Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-464976-9 
  • Morash, Ronald P. (1987), Bridge to Abstract Mathematics, Random House, ISBN 0-394-35429-X 
  • Wolf, Robert S. (1998), Proof, Logic and Conjecture: A Mathematician's Toolbox, Freeman, ISBN 978-0-7167-3050-7 

関連文献

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This material is basic and can be found in any text dealing with the fundamentals of proof technique, such as any of the following:

  • Sundstrom (2003), Mathematical Reasoning: Writing and Proof, Prentice-Hall 
  • Smith; Eggen; St.Andre (2006), A Transition to Advanced Mathematics (6th Ed.), Thomson (Brooks/Cole) 
  • Schumacher, Carol (1996), Chapter Zero: Fundamental Notions of Abstract Mathematics, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-82653-4 
  • O'Leary (2003), The Structure of Proof: With Logic and Set Theory, Prentice-Hall 
  • Lay (2001), Analysis with an introduction to proof, Prentice Hall 
  • Gilbert; Vanstone (2005), An Introduction to Mathematical Thinking, Pearson Prentice-Hall 
  • Fletcher; Patty, Foundations of Higher Mathematics, PWS-Kent 
  • Iglewicz; Stoyle, An Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning, MacMillan 
  • D'Angelo; West (2000), Mathematical Thinking: Problem Solving and Proofs, Prentice Hall 
  • Cupillari, The Nuts and Bolts of Proofs, Wadsworth 
  • Bond, Introduction to Abstract Mathematics, Brooks/Cole 
  • Barnier; Feldman (2000), Introduction to Advanced Mathematics, Prentice Hall 
  • Ash, A Primer of Abstract Mathematics, MAA