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Political Migration (Exile)

In the wake of the "Atlantic Revolutions" of the years 1770–1800, exile movements grew in importance, and political motives became their prominent causes. In the Europe of the Congress of Vienna, exile became a rite of passage for patriots and liberals fighting for the building of their nation-states. Through ... read more ►

Lingua Franca

This article addresses the transition from Latin to French as the dominant lingua franca in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. While this linguistic-historical observation is correct, it is inadequate both linguistically and historically. Thus, to fully comprehend and evaluate the evolution of Latin and French since the ... read more ►

Internationalization of Sport

The transnational spread of sport in the 19th century, facilitated primarily by the migration of elite athletes, culminated at the turn of the century in the emergence of international sports organizations. These bodies monitored the observance and development of rules, regulated international sporting activities, and organized world and European ... read more ►

Intellectual and Academic Networks

Intellectual and academic networks in the period 1450 to 1800 were structured by diverse connections between persons, including letters, and by academic institutes. Network studies reveal the hierarchical structures, as well as the intertwining of academic and learned networks. The emergence of the so-called Republic of Letters coincided with ... read more ►

Scandinavian Legal System

Scandinavian or Nordic law constitutes a distinct legal system. The historical origins of this legal tradition can be attributed to the frequent border changes between the individual countries and the evolving personal unions that interconnected them throughout the centuries. This article provides an overview of Nordic law, including its ... read more ►

Codification Movements

From the mid-18th century, there was an increasing trend to regulate larger domains of law, such as civil or criminal law, through the implementation of codifications. In Europe, three significant waves of codification emerged: the wave of natural law (around 1800), the wave of pandectics (around 1900), and the ... read more ►

China Fashion

In the 17th and 18th centuries, European fashion was influenced by the allure of Chinese aesthetics, manifesting in the consumption of imported Chinese goods and innovative European reinventions. This enduring "fashion" trend stretched over a substantial period of time and can be perceived as a direct consequence of the ... read more ►

Royal and imperial courts and dynasties

This contribution offers a broad overview of the common themes that linked together the royal and imperial courts of Europe in the pre-modern world. In particular it demonstrates that court cultures were spaces both of emerging national identities but also the preservation and cultivation of more cosmopolitan values. The ... read more ►

Hospital

The hospital is a typical specialized facility of the modern age: Sick people are brought together under the ideal of socially and ideologically indifferent scientific medicine with the sole aim of curing them so that they can be discharged as quickly and as permanently as possible. The hospital is ... read more ►

German Legal System

The German legal system refers to the continental European, German-speaking, and typically codified law dominated by the private-law systems of Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. Its roots lie in Roman-German law, which influenced other legal systems beyond the borders of Europe as a result of 19th-century jurisprudence. The interaction between ... read more ►

Kemalism

The new state's norms and values were primarily established in the founding years of the Turkish Republic. Kemalism was the driving force behind Turkey's nationalization and state-building process. It was the product and further development of a course of nationalization that had its roots in the Ottoman Empire and ... read more ►

Chinamode

Die europäische Chinamode des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts äußerte sich im Konsum von chinesischen Importgütern und europäischen Nacherfindungen. Sie dauerte für eine "Mode" recht lang an und ist als Begleiterscheinung des europäischen Expansionsprozesses zu verstehen. Hauptsächlich wurde sie im Stadtbürgertum und im Adel gelebt; jedenfalls haben wir hier die ... read more ►

Church and 'Turkish Threat'

Following the conquest of Anatolia by Turkish tribal warriors led by Seljuk prince Suleiman ibn Kutalmiş at the end of the 11th century, a view of the "Turks" gradually emerged in Orthodox and Latin Christendom which adhered to a basic pattern: The Turks are cruel "Asiatic" barbarians and descendants ... read more ►

Economic Migration Early Modern Europe

Human beings in pre-modern Europe were intensely mobile, despite restrictions in many places, such as those due to serfdom. On a seasonal or permanent basis, highly qualified craftsmen and ordinary workers moved to regions with higher wages, while merchants sought out more lucrative sales markets. Regional conditions thus brought ... read more ►

Spas

Spas represent a special type of European urban and tourist space between the 16th and the 19th centuries. Many spas were not towns in the legal sense of the word and varied greatly in size and population. In fact, spas were characterized by their multifunctionality. They combined health care ... read more ►

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Theories and Methods Backgrounds Crossroads Models and Stereotypes Europe on the Road European Media European Networks Transnational Movements and Organisations Alliances and Wars Europe and the World Institut für Europäische Geschichte - Mainz

Institut für Europäische Geschichte - Mainz

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