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グルコキナーゼ

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』
GCK
PDBに登録されている構造
PDBオルソログ検索: RCSB PDBe PDBj
PDBのIDコード一覧

1V4S, 1V4T, 3A0I, 3F9M, 3FGU, 3FR0, 3GOI, 3H1V, 3ID8, 3IDH, 3QIC, 3S41, 3VEV, 3VEY, 3VF6, 4DCH, 4DHY, 4ISE, 4ISF, 4ISG, 4IWV, 4IXC, 4L3Q, 4LC9, 3IMX, 4MLE, 4MLH, 4NO7, 4RCH

識別子
記号GCK, FGQTL3, GK, GLK, HHF3, HK4, HKIV, HXKP, LGLK, MODY2, glucokinase
外部IDOMIM: 138079 MGI: 1270854 HomoloGene: 55440 GeneCards: GCK
遺伝子の位置 (マウス)
11番染色体 (マウス)
染色体11番染色体 (マウス)[1]
11番染色体 (マウス)

GCK遺伝子の位置

GCK遺伝子の位置

バンドデータ無し開始点5,850,820 bp[1]
終点5,900,081 bp[1]
RNA発現パターン
さらなる参照発現データ
遺伝子オントロジー
分子機能 トランスフェラーゼ活性
ヌクレオチド結合
mannokinase activity
hexokinase activity
phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor
glucose binding
キナーゼ活性
触媒活性
血漿タンパク結合
fructokinase activity
ATP binding
glucokinase activity
細胞の構成要素 細胞質
ミトコンドリア
細胞核
核質
細胞質基質
生物学的プロセス regulation of potassium ion transport
positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
NADP metabolic process
解糖系
glucose homeostasis
リン酸化
regulation of insulin secretion
canonical glycolysis
cellular glucose homeostasis
calcium ion import
carbohydrate phosphorylation
cellular response to leptin stimulus
negative regulation of gluconeogenesis
cellular response to insulin stimulus
代謝
positive regulation of insulin secretion
glucose metabolic process
detection of glucose
regulation of glycolytic process
炭水化物代謝
glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process
出典:Amigo / QuickGO
オルソログ
ヒトマウス
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq
(mRNA)

NM_033508
NM_000162
NM_033507

NM_010292
NM_001287386

RefSeq
(タンパク質)
NP_000153
NP_277042
NP_277043
NP_001341729
NP_001341730

NP_001341731
NP_001341732

NP_001274315
NP_034422

場所
(UCSC)
n/aChr : 5.85 – 5.9 Mb
PubMed検索[2][3]
ウィキデータ
閲覧/編集 ヒト閲覧/編集 マウス
Glucokinase
識別子
EC番号 2.7.1.2
CAS登録番号 9001-36-9
データベース
IntEnz IntEnz view
BRENDA BRENDA entry
ExPASy NiceZyme view
KEGG KEGG entry
MetaCyc metabolic pathway
PRIAM profile
PDB構造 RCSB PDB PDBj PDBe PDBsum
遺伝子オントロジー AmiGO / QuickGO
検索
PMC articles
PubMed articles
NCBI proteins
テンプレートを表示

: glucokinaseEC 2.7.1.2-6-調尿

3[4]-6-3[5]

[]


hexokinase IVhexokinase DATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase

EC 2.7.1.2[5][6]

2004ADP[7]ATPADP

[]

[]


-6-ATPADP

Action of glucokinase on glucose
ATPMg[6]

Hexose + MgATP2  Hexose-PO2
3 + MgADP + H+

[8]

[]


2

(一)410 mM72180 mg/dL8 mM144 mg/dL[9][10]

(二)-6-[9][10]

2調

nH1.7[10]12[11]

Km50%S0.5

nH1.74 mM[12]72 mg/dL

Mg-ATP0.30.4 mMATP2.5 mMATPATP

kcat62 s1[9]pHpH 8.5-8.7[13]

Cys230[14]β

構造[編集]

Glucokinase
大腸菌Escherichia coliのATP依存性グルコキナーゼの構造[15]
識別子
略号 Glucokinase
Pfam PF02685
Pfam clan CL0108
InterPro IPR003836
SCOP 1q18
SUPERFAMILY 1q18
利用可能な蛋白質構造:
Pfam structures
PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum structure summary
PDB 1q18​, 1sz2​, 1v4s​, 1v4t
テンプレートを表示

46550,0002cleftMg-ATP[16][17]

ATP[18]

[]


7GCK10[19][20]GCK[9][21]

2[22]5'22N13152[5]

5'1[22]2[23]230 kbp[5]2調調[5]22

[]


4

[24][25]-6-調[26][27]

調[28]
βα
βαβ調調[29]


α[30][31]


β[28][32]

[]


[33][34]

調[]


95%[35]-6-

[36]-6-調[37]-6-[38]

調2

(一)調GKRP[24]

(二)調1cSREBP-1c[25]

[]


SREBP-1cSREBP-1cE-box[26][27]SREBP-1cSREBP-1c[39]

-2,6-F2,6P2SREBP-1cAkt1[40][41]

調[33]

(一)HNF4αHepatic nuclear factor 4-alpha

(二)USF1Upstream stimulatory factor 1

(三)HNF6Hepatic nuclear factor 6one-cut調HNF6-6-調

[]


[42]1[43]

ERK1/2[44]PI3K[45]FOXO1調[45]

cAMP[42]

[46][47][48]CoA[49]

[]


調GKRPGKRP[50]

GKRP[33]GKRP1:1GKRP[51]-GKRP[52][53]GKRP[52]β[54]

μM-1-F1PGKRP[51]GKRP-6-F6PGKRPGK[51]F6PF1PF6PGKRP[51]F1PF6PGKRP2

[]


αβ調調ββ調

[]


β-6-ATPATPATP[55]

β調[]




β調2調"bifunctional enzyme"2/-2,6-GKRP[56]

15GCKββBA[57]

GCKPdx-1PPARγ[58][59]Pdx-1PPARγ

[]


βGKRP[60]

α[]


ααββααβα[61]

[]


調1尿β

GCKβ

尿[]


GCK尿2MODY2791GCK489MODY[62]

[]


17GCK[62]

[]


2尿[63][64][65]

出典[編集]

  1. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000041798 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ Human PubMed Reference:
  3. ^ Mouse PubMed Reference:
  4. ^ “Hypothesis: structures, evolution, and ancestor of glucose kinases in the hexokinase family”. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 99 (4): 320–30. (April 2005). doi:10.1263/jbb.99.320. PMID 16233797. 
  5. ^ a b c d e “Molecular physiology of mammalian glucokinase”. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 66 (1): 27–42. (January 2009). doi:10.1007/s00018-008-8322-9. PMC 2780631. PMID 18726182. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2780631/. 
  6. ^ a b “Comparative biochemistry of glucokinase”. Glucokinase And Glycemic Disease: From Basics to Novel Therapeutics (Frontiers in Diabetes). Basel: S. Karger AG (Switzerland). (2004). pp. 31–41. ISBN 3-8055-7744-3 
  7. ^ “Cloning and biochemical characterization of a novel mouse ADP-dependent glucokinase”. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 315 (3): 652–8. (March 2004). doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.103. PMID 14975750. 
  8. ^ “Glucokinase as a glucose sensor: past, present, and future”. Glucokinase And Glycemic Disease: From Basics to Novel Therapeutics (Frontiers in Diabetes). Basel: S. Karger AG (Switzerland). (2004). pp. 18–30. ISBN 3-8055-7744-3 
  9. ^ a b c d “Glucokinase”. Encyclopedia of Molecular Medicine. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. (2002). ISBN 978-0-471-37494-7 
  10. ^ a b c “Banting Lecture 1995. A lesson in metabolic regulation inspired by the glucokinase glucose sensor paradigm”. Diabetes 45 (2): 223–41. (February 1996). doi:10.2337/diabetes.45.2.223. PMID 8549869. 
  11. ^ “Glucose-induced conformational changes in glucokinase mediate allosteric regulation: transient kinetic analysis”. Biochemistry 45 (24): 7553–62. (June 2006). doi:10.1021/bi060253q. PMID 16768451. 
  12. ^ “Pancreatic beta-cell glucokinase: closing the gap between theoretical concepts and experimental realities”. Diabetes 47 (3): 307–15. (March 1998). doi:10.2337/diabetes.47.3.307. PMID 9519733. 
  13. ^ “Identification of alkaline pH optimum of human glucokinase because of ATP-mediated bias correction in outcomes of enzyme assays”. Scientific Reports 9 (1): 11422. (August 2019). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47883-1. PMC 6684659. PMID 31388064. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684659/. 
  14. ^ Tiedge, M.; Richter, T.; Lenzen, S. (2000-03-15). “Importance of cysteine residues for the stability and catalytic activity of human pancreatic beta cell glucokinase”. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 375 (2): 251–260. doi:10.1006/abbi.1999.1666. ISSN 0003-9861. PMID 10700381. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10700381. 
  15. ^ “Crystal structures of Escherichia coli ATP-dependent glucokinase and its complex with glucose”. Journal of Bacteriology 186 (20): 6915–27. (October 2004). doi:10.1128/JB.186.20.6915-6927.2004. PMC 522197. PMID 15466045. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC522197/. 
  16. ^ “Structural model of human glucokinase in complex with glucose and ATP: implications for the mutants that cause hypo- and hyperglycemia”. Diabetes 48 (9): 1698–705. (September 1999). doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.9.1698. PMID 10480597. 
  17. ^ “Structural basis for allosteric regulation of the monomeric allosteric enzyme human glucokinase”. Structure 12 (3): 429–38. (March 2004). doi:10.1016/j.str.2004.02.005. PMID 15016359. "Beautiful structural pictures illustrating the conformational changes and potential regulatory mechanisms" 
  18. ^ Kabsch, W.; Holmes, K. C. (1995-02). “The actin fold”. FASEB journal: official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 9 (2): 167–174. doi:10.1096/fasebj.9.2.7781919. ISSN 0892-6638. PMID 7781919. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7781919. 
  19. ^ “A polymorphic (CA)n repeat element maps the human glucokinase gene (GCK) to chromosome 7p”. Genomics 12 (2): 319–25. (February 1992). doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90380-B. PMID 1740341. 
  20. ^ “Human glucokinase gene: isolation, characterization, and identification of two missense mutations linked to early-onset non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89 (16): 7698–702. (August 1992). doi:10.1073/pnas.89.16.7698. PMC 49778. PMID 1502186. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC49778/. 
  21. ^ “The hexokinase gene family”. Glucokinase And Glycemic Disease: From Basics to Novel Therapeutics (Frontiers in Diabetes). Basel: S. Karger AG (Switzerland). (2004). pp. 18–30. ISBN 3-8055-7744-3 
  22. ^ a b “Differential expression and regulation of the glucokinase gene in liver and islets of Langerhans”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86 (20): 7838–42. (October 1989). doi:10.1073/pnas.86.20.7838. PMC 298166. PMID 2682629. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC298166/. 
  23. ^ “Transcriptional induction of glucokinase gene by insulin in cultured liver cells and its repression by the glucagon-cAMP system”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 (36): 21824–9. (December 1989). PMID 2557341. 
  24. ^ a b Van Schaftingen, E. (1994-09). “Short-term regulation of glucokinase”. Diabetologia 37 Suppl 2: S43–47. doi:10.1007/bf00400825. ISSN 0012-186X. PMID 7821739. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7821739. 
  25. ^ a b Kim, So-Youn; Kim, Ha-il; Kim, Tae-Hyun; Im, Seung-Soon; Park, Sang-Kyu; Lee, In-Kyu; Kim, Kyung-Sup; Ahn, Yong-Ho (2004-07-16). “SREBP-1c mediates the insulin-dependent hepatic glucokinase expression”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 (29): 30823–30829. doi:10.1074/jbc.M313223200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 15123649. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15123649. 
  26. ^ a b Foretz, M.; Guichard, C.; Ferré, P.; Foufelle, F. (1999-10-26). “Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c is a major mediator of insulin action on the hepatic expression of glucokinase and lipogenesis-related genes”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 (22): 12737–12742. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.22.12737. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 23076. PMID 10535992. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10535992. 
  27. ^ a b Kim, So-Youn; Kim, Ha-il; Kim, Tae-Hyun; Im, Seung-Soon; Park, Sang-Kyu; Lee, In-Kyu; Kim, Kyung-Sup; Ahn, Yong-Ho (2004-07-16). “SREBP-1c mediates the insulin-dependent hepatic glucokinase expression”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 (29): 30823–30829. doi:10.1074/jbc.M313223200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 15123649. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15123649. 
  28. ^ a b “Analysis of upstream glucokinase promoter activity in transgenic mice and identification of glucokinase in rare neuroendocrine cells in the brain and gut”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 (5): 3641–54. (February 1994). PMID 8106409. 
  29. ^ “Glucokinase (GCK) mutations in hyper- and hypoglycemia: maturity-onset diabetes of the young, permanent neonatal diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia of infancy”. Human Mutation 22 (5): 353–62. (November 2003). doi:10.1002/humu.10277. PMID 14517946. 
  30. ^ De Backer, Ivan; Hussain, Sufyan S.; Bloom, Stephen R.; Gardiner, James V. (07 01, 2016). “Insights into the role of neuronal glucokinase”. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 311 (1): E42–55. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00034.2016. ISSN 1522-1555. PMC 4967152. PMID 27189932. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27189932. 
  31. ^ Sorenson, Robert L.; Stout, Laurence E.; Brelje, T. Clark; Jetton, Thomas L.; Matschinsky, Franz M. (2007-06). “Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of glucokinase in the gonadotropes and thyrotropes of the anterior pituitary gland of rat and monkey”. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry: Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society 55 (6): 555–566. doi:10.1369/jhc.6A7117.2007. ISSN 0022-1554. PMID 17283370. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17283370. 
  32. ^ Murphy, R.; Tura, A.; Clark, P. M.; Holst, J. J.; Mari, A.; Hattersley, A. T. (2009-01). “Glucokinase, the pancreatic glucose sensor, is not the gut glucose sensor”. Diabetologia 52 (1): 154–159. doi:10.1007/s00125-008-1183-9. ISSN 1432-0428. PMID 18974968. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974968. 
  33. ^ a b c Glucokinase and glycemic disease : from basics to novel therapeutics. Matschinsky, F. M. (Franz M.), Magnuson, M. A. (Mark A.). Basel: Karger. (2004). ISBN 1-4175-6491-1. OCLC 57298619. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57298619 
  34. ^ Wang, Zhao Yang; Jin, Ling; Tan, Huanran; Irwin, David M. (2013). “Evolution of hepatic glucose metabolism: liver-specific glucokinase deficiency explained by parallel loss of the gene for glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR)”. PloS One 8 (4): e60896. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060896. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3613411. PMID 23573289. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23573289. 
  35. ^ Iynedjian, P. B.; Marie, S.; Gjinovci, A.; Genin, B.; Deng, S. P.; Buhler, L.; Morel, P.; Mentha, G. (1995-05). “Glucokinase and cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) in the human liver. Regulation of gene expression in cultured hepatocytes”. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 95 (5): 1966–1973. doi:10.1172/JCI117880. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 295767. PMID 7738162. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7738162. 
  36. ^ Fernández-Novell, J. M.; Bellido, D.; Vilaró, S.; Guinovart, J. J. (1997-01-01). “Glucose induces the translocation of glycogen synthase to the cell cortex in rat hepatocytes”. The Biochemical Journal 321 ( Pt 1): 227–231. doi:10.1042/bj3210227. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 1218058. PMID 9003423. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9003423. 
  37. ^ Jetton, T. L.; Shiota, M.; Knobel, S. M.; Piston, D. W.; Cherrington, A. D.; Magnuson, M. A. (2001). “Substrate-induced nuclear export and peripheral compartmentalization of hepatic glucokinase correlates with glycogen deposition”. International Journal of Experimental Diabetes Research 2 (3): 173–186. doi:10.1155/edr.2001.173. ISSN 1560-4284. PMC 2478546. PMID 12369705. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12369705. 
  38. ^ Aiston, Susan; Andersen, Birgitte; Agius, Loranne (2003-06). “Glucose 6-phosphate regulates hepatic glycogenolysis through inactivation of phosphorylase”. Diabetes 52 (6): 1333–1339. doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.6.1333. ISSN 0012-1797. PMID 12765941. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12765941. 
  39. ^ Liang, Guosheng; Yang, Jian; Horton, Jay D.; Hammer, Robert E.; Goldstein, Joseph L.; Brown, Michael S. (2002-03-15). “Diminished hepatic response to fasting/refeeding and liver X receptor agonists in mice with selective deficiency of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (11): 9520–9528. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111421200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11782483. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11782483. 
  40. ^ Wu, Chaodong; Okar, David A.; Stoeckman, Angela K.; Peng, Li-Jen; Herrera, Amy H.; Herrera, Julio E.; Towle, Howard C.; Lange, Alex J. (2004-02). “A potential role for fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in the stimulation of hepatic glucokinase gene expression”. Endocrinology 145 (2): 650–658. doi:10.1210/en.2003-1290. ISSN 0013-7227. PMID 14617577. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14617577. 
  41. ^ Wu, Chaodong; Khan, Salmaan A.; Peng, Li-Jen; Lange, Alex J. (2006). “Roles for fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in the control of fuel metabolism: beyond its allosteric effects on glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes”. Advances in Enzyme Regulation 46: 72–88. doi:10.1016/j.advenzreg.2006.01.010. ISSN 0065-2571. PMID 16860376. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16860376. 
  42. ^ a b Iynedjian, P. B.; Jotterand, D.; Nouspikel, T.; Asfari, M.; Pilot, P. R. (1989-12-25). “Transcriptional induction of glucokinase gene by insulin in cultured liver cells and its repression by the glucagon-cAMP system”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 (36): 21824–21829. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 2557341. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2557341. 
  43. ^ Iynedjian, P. B.; Gjinovci, A.; Renold, A. E. (1988-01-15). “Stimulation by insulin of glucokinase gene transcription in liver of diabetic rats”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 263 (2): 740–744. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 3275657. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3275657. 
  44. ^ Nelson, Joel D.; LeBoeuf, Renée C.; Bomsztyk, Karol (2011-01). “Direct recruitment of insulin receptor and ERK signaling cascade to insulin-inducible gene loci”. Diabetes 60 (1): 127–137. doi:10.2337/db09-1806. ISSN 1939-327X. PMC 3012164. PMID 20929976. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20929976. 
  45. ^ a b Langlet, Fanny; Haeusler, Rebecca A.; Lindén, Daniel; Ericson, Elke; Norris, Tyrrell; Johansson, Anders; Cook, Joshua R.; Aizawa, Kumiko et al. (2017-11-02). “Selective Inhibition of FOXO1 Activator/Repressor Balance Modulates Hepatic Glucose Handling”. Cell 171 (4): 824–835.e18. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.045. ISSN 1097-4172. PMC 5687849. PMID 29056338. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29056338. 
  46. ^ Höppner, W.; Seitz, H. J. (1989-12-05). “Effect of thyroid hormones on glucokinase gene transcription in rat liver”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 (34): 20643–20647. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 2584235. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2584235. 
  47. ^ Chauhan, J.; Dakshinamurti, K. (1991-06-05). “Transcriptional regulation of the glucokinase gene by biotin in starved rats”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 266 (16): 10035–10038. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 2037560. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2037560. 
  48. ^ Cabrera-Valladares, G.; German, M. S.; Matschinsky, F. M.; Wang, J.; Fernandez-Mejia, C. (1999-07). “Effect of retinoic acid on glucokinase activity and gene expression and on insulin secretion in primary cultures of pancreatic islets”. Endocrinology 140 (7): 3091–3096. doi:10.1210/endo.140.7.6765. ISSN 0013-7227. PMID 10385401. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10385401. 
  49. ^ Tippett, P. S.; Neet, K. E. (1982-11-10). “Specific inhibition of glucokinase by long chain acyl coenzymes A below the critical micelle concentration”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 257 (21): 12839–12845. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 7130181. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7130181. 
  50. ^ Cárdenas, María Luz (1995). "Glucokinase": Its Regulation and Role in Liver Metabolism (Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit). R G Landes. ISBN 1-57059-207-1. "This is the most detailed treatment of liver glucokinase" 
  51. ^ a b c d Beck, Tobias; Miller, Brian G. (2013-09-10). “Structural basis for regulation of human glucokinase by glucokinase regulatory protein”. Biochemistry 52 (36): 6232–6239. doi:10.1021/bi400838t. ISSN 1520-4995. PMC 3859847. PMID 23957911. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23957911. 
  52. ^ a b Shiota, C.; Coffey, J.; Grimsby, J.; Grippo, J. F.; Magnuson, M. A. (1999-12-24). “Nuclear import of hepatic glucokinase depends upon glucokinase regulatory protein, whereas export is due to a nuclear export signal sequence in glucokinase”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 (52): 37125–37130. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.52.37125. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10601273. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10601273. 
  53. ^ Farrelly, D.; Brown, K. S.; Tieman, A.; Ren, J.; Lira, S. A.; Hagan, D.; Gregg, R.; Mookhtiar, K. A. et al. (1999-12-07). “Mice mutant for glucokinase regulatory protein exhibit decreased liver glucokinase: a sequestration mechanism in metabolic regulation”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 (25): 14511–14516. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.25.14511. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 24467. PMID 10588736. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10588736. 
  54. ^ Bustamante, Ernesto; Pediaditakis, Peter; He, Lihua; Lemasters, John J. (2005-09-02). “Isolated mouse liver mitochondria are devoid of glucokinase”. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 334 (3): 907–910. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.174. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 16036222. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16036222. 
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