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袋小路文

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』



 "to be led down [or up] the garden path" 1926[1]


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日本語[編集]

英語[編集]

"The old man the boat."[編集]

よくある誤った構文解析
正しい構文解析

調使[2] old  the  old  man  the old man        man  The old man washed the boat  the [ 1][3]


"The old are those who man the boat."


"The complex houses married and single soldiers and their families."[]


[4]1 the complex houses  the complex houses married  complex houses married and single1  married and...  The complex houses married and single soldiers and their families 


"The complex provides housing for the soldiers, married or single, as well as their families."


"The horse raced past the barn fell."[]


 raced  raced  fell  raced  horse [5]


"The horse that was raced past the barn fell."



 that was raced past the barn [6] "The horse raced in the barn fell."  "The horse that was raced in the barn fell."  "The horse frightened in the barn fell."   -  -  [7]

その他の言語[編集]

構文解析[編集]


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Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo - 

Colorless green ideas sleep furiously

James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher

That that is is that that is not is not is that it it is





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  1. ^ 各単語を読んだ後の読者の反応の時間を調べた実験では、曖昧性を解消する単語(すなわち theman のあとの washed )を読んだ後の反応時間は、袋小路文のほうが有意に長いことが示された[3]

参考文献[編集]

  1. ^ Fowler, Henry Watson (1926). A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press 
  2. ^ Guo, Jeff (2016年5月18日). “Google's new artificial intelligence can't understand these sentences. Can you?”. Washington Post. オリジナルの2016年12月20日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20161220214854/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/05/18/googles-new-artificial-intelligence-cant-understand-these-sentences-can-you/ 2017年3月13日閲覧。 
  3. ^ a b Di Sciullo, Anna-Maria (2005). UG and External Systems: Language, Brain and Computation. Benjamins. pp. 225–226. ISBN 9789027227997. https://archive.org/details/ugexternalsystem00sciu 
  4. ^ Petrie, H.; Darzentas, J.; Walsh, T. (2016). Universal Design 2016: Learning from the Past, Designing for the Future: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Universal Design (UD 2016), York, United Kingdom, August 21 – 24, 2016. IOS Press. p. 463. ISBN 9781614996842 
  5. ^ Dynel, Marta (2009). Humorous Garden-Paths: A Pragmatic-Cognitive Study. Cambridge Scholars Publisher. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9781443812283. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ol1JDAAAQBAJ 
  6. ^ Bever, Thomas G. (1 January 2001). “The cognitive basis for linguistic structures (reprint)”. In Sanz, Montserrat; Laka, Itziar; Tanenhaus, Michael K.. Language Down the Garden Path: The Cognitive and Biological Basis for Linguistic Structures. Oxford Studies in Biolinguistics. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–80. ISBN 9780199677139  Originally published in R. Hayes (ed.) Cognition and Language Development (New York: Wiley & Sons, 1970, 279–362).
  7. ^ Bever, David J.; Bever, Thomas G. (2001). Sentence Comprehension: The Integration of Habits and Rules. Bradford Books. pp. 7–8. ISBN 9780262700801 
  8. ^ Reisberg, D. (2010). Cognition: Exploring the Science of the Mind (4th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company 
  9. ^ Hickok, Gregory (1993). “Parallel parsing: Evidence from reactivation in garden-path sentences”. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 22 (2): 239–250. doi:10.1007/BF01067832. ISSN 0090-6905. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01067832 2012年11月16日閲覧。. 
  10. ^ a b Meng, Michael; Bader, Markus (2000). “Ungrammaticality detection and garden path strength: Evidence for serial parsing”. Language and Cognitive Processes 15 (6): 615–666. doi:10.1080/016909600750040580. 
  11. ^ Ferreria, F.; Henderson, J. (1991). “Recovery from misanalyses of garden-path sentences”. Journal of Memory and Language 30 (6): 725–745. doi:10.1016/0749-596x(91)90034-h. 
  12. ^ Meseguer, E.; Carreiras, M.; Clifton, C. (2002). “Overt reanalysis strategies and eye movements during the reading of mild garden path sentences”. Memory & Cognition (Psychonomic Society) 30 (4): 551–561. doi:10.3758/BF03194956. PMID 12184556. 
  13. ^ Patson, N. D.; Darowski, E. S.; Moon, N.; Ferreria, F. (2009). “Lingering misinterpretations in garden-path sentences: Evidence from a paraphrasing task”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 35 (1): 280–285. doi:10.1037/a0014276. PMID 19210099. 
  14. ^ a b Pozzan, Lucia; Trueswell, John C. (7 December 2015). “Second language processing and revision of garden-path sentences: A visual word study”. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19 (3): 636–643. doi:10.1017/s1366728915000838. ISSN 1366-7289. PMC 4870893. PMID 27212888. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4870893/. 

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