1887

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	18th century 19th century 20th century
Decades:	1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s
Years:	1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890

1887 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1887 MDCCCLXXXVII
Ab urbe condita	2640
Armenian calendar	1336 ԹՎ ՌՅԼԶ
Assyrian calendar	6637
Baháʼí calendar	43–44
Balinese saka calendar	1808–1809
Bengali calendar	1294
Berber calendar	2837
British Regnal year	50 Vict. 1 – 51 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar	2431
Burmese calendar	1249
Byzantine calendar	7395–7396
Chinese calendar	丙戌年 (Fire Dog) 4584 or 4377 — to — 丁亥年 (Fire Pig) 4585 or 4378
Coptic calendar	1603–1604
Discordian calendar	3053
Ethiopian calendar	1879–1880
Hebrew calendar	5647–5648
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1943–1944
- Shaka Samvat	1808–1809
- Kali Yuga	4987–4988
Holocene calendar	11887
Igbo calendar	887–888
Iranian calendar	1265–1266
Islamic calendar	1304–1305
Japanese calendar	Meiji20 (明治20年)
Javanese calendar	1816–1817
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4220
Minguo calendar	25 before ROC 民前25年
Nanakshahi calendar	419
Thai solar calendar	2429–2430
Tibetan calendar	阳火狗年 (male Fire-Dog) 2013 or 1632 or 860 — to — 阴火猪年 (female Fire-Pig) 2014 or 1633 or 861

January–March

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January 11 – Louis Pasteur's anti-rabies treatment is defended in the Académie Nationale de Médecine, by Dr. Joseph Grancher.
January 20
- The United States Senate allows the United States Navy to lease Pearl Harbor as a naval base.^[1]
- British emigrant ship Kapunda sinks after a collision off the coast of Brazil, killing 303 with only 16 survivors.^[2]
January 21
- The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) is formed in the United States.
- Brisbane receives a one-day rainfall of 465 millimetres (18.3 in) (a record for any Australian capital city).
January 24 – Battle of Dogali: Abyssinian troops defeat the Italians.
January 28
- In a snowstorm at Fort Keogh, Montana, the largest snowflakes on record are reported. They are 15 inches (38 cm) wide and 8 inches (20 cm) thick.
- Construction work begins on the foundations of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France.^[3]
February 2 – The first Groundhog Day is observed in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania.^[4]
February 4 – The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, passed by the 49th United States Congress, is signed into law by President Grover Cleveland.^[5]
February 5 – The Giuseppe Verdi opera Otello premieres at La Scala, Milan.
February 8 – The Dawes Act, or the General Allotment Act, is enacted in the United States.^[6]
February 23 – The French Riviera is hit by a large earthquake, killing around 2,000 along the coast of the Mediterranean.
February 26 – At the Sydney Cricket Ground, George Lohmann becomes the first bowler to take eight wickets, in a Test innings.
March 3 – Anne Sullivan begins teaching Helen Keller.

March 3: Helen Keller and Sullivan.
March 7 – North Carolina State University is established, as North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
March 13 – Chester Greenwood patents earmuffs in the United States.

April–June

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April 1 – The final of the first All-Ireland Hurling Championship is held.^[7]
April 4 – Argonia, Kansas, elects Susanna M. Salter as the first female mayor in the United States.^[8]
April 10 (Easter Sunday) – The Catholic University of America is founded in Washington, D.C.
April 20 – Occidental College is founded in Los Angeles, California.
April 21 – Schnaebele incident: A French/German border incident nearly leads to war between the two countries.^[9]
May 3 – An earthquake hits Sonora, Mexico.
May 5 – Ricardo Palma founds the Peruvian Academy of Language.^[10]
May 14 – The cornerstone of the new Stanford University, in northern California, is laid (the college opens in 1891).
May 25 – The Hells Canyon massacre begins: 34 Chinese gold miners are ambushed and murdered in Hells Canyon, Oregon, United States.^[11]
June 8 – Herman Hollerith receives a U.S. patent for his punched card calculator.
June 18 – The Reinsurance Treaty is closed between Germany and Russia.
June 21
- The British Empire celebrates Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee, marking the 50th year of her reign.^[12]
- Zululand becomes a British colony.
June 23 – The Rocky Mountains Park Act becomes law in Canada, creating that nation's first national park, Banff National Park.^[13]

June 23: Banff National Park

June 28 – Minot, North Dakota, is incorporated as a city.
June 29 – The United Retail Federation is established in Brisbane, Australia.

July–September

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July – James Blyth operates the first working wind turbineatMarykirk, Scotland.^[14]
July 1 – Construction of the iron structure of the Eiffel Tower starts in Paris, France.
July 6 – King KalākauaofHawai'i is forced by anti-monarchists to sign the 'Bayonet Constitution', stripping the Hawaiian monarchy of much of its authority, as well as disenfranchising most native Hawaiians, all Asians and the poor.
July 12 – Odense Boldklub, the Danish football team, is founded as the Odense Cricket Club.
July 19 – Dorr Eugene Felt receives the first U.S. patent for his comptometer.^[15]
July 26
- L. L. Zamenhof publishes "Unua Libro" (Dr. Esperanto's International Language), the first description of Esperanto, the constructed international auxiliary language.
- Blackpool F.C. is created in England, U.K.
August – The earliest constituent of the U.S. National Institutes of Health is established at the Marine Hospital, Staten Island, as the Laboratory of Hygiene.
August 13 – Hibernian F.C. of Scotland defeats Preston North End F.C. of England to win the 'Championship of the World', after the two teams win the Association football Cup competitions in their respective countries.
September 5 – The Theatre Royal, Exeter, England, burns down, killing 186 people.
September 28 – The 1887 Yellow River flood begins in China, killing 900,000 to 2,000,000 people.

July 26: Esperanto

October–December

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October 1 – The British Empire takes over Balochistan.
October 3 – Florida A&M University opens in Tallahassee, Florida.
October 12 – Yamaha Corporation, the global musical instrument and audiovisual brand, is founded as Yamaha Organ Manufacturing in Hamamatsu, Japan.^[16]
November
- Results of the Michelson–Morley experiment are published, indicating that the speed of light is independent of motion.
- Arthur Conan Doyle's detective character Sherlock Holmes makes his first appearance, in the novel A Study in Scarlet, published in Beeton's Christmas Annual.
November 3 – The Coimbra Academic Association, the students' union of the University of Coimbra in Portugal, is founded.
November 6 – The Association football club Celtic F.C. is formed in Glasgow, Scotland, by Irish Marist Brother Walfrid, to help alleviate poverty in the city's East End by raising money for his charity, the 'Poor Children's Dinner Table'.^[17]
November 8 – Emile Berliner is granted a U.S. patent for the Berliner Gramophone.
November 10 – Louis Lingg, sentenced to be hanged for his alleged role in the Haymarket affair (a bombing in Chicago on May 4, 1886), kills himself by dynamite.
November 11 – August Spies, Albert Parsons, Adolph Fischer and George Engel are hanged for inciting riot and murder in the Haymarket affair.
November 13 – Bloody Sunday: Police in London clash with radical and Irish nationalist protesters.
December 4 – Örgryte IS, the Swedish football team is founded by Wilhelm Friberg.
December 5 – The International Bureau of Intellectual Property is established.
December 25 – Glenfiddich single malt Scotch whisky is first produced.

Date unknown

edit

Laos and Cambodia are added to French Indochina.
Heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect on the production and reception of electromagnetic (EM) waves (radio); this is an important step towards the understanding of the quantum nature of light.
Franz König publishes『Über freie Körper in den Gelenken』in the medical journal Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie, describing (and naming) the disease Osteochondritis dissecans for the first time.
Teachers College, later part of Columbia University, is founded.
The first English-language edition of Friedrich Engels' 1844 study of The Condition of the Working Class in England, translated by Florence Kelley, is published in New York City.
Publication in BarcelonaofEnrique Gaspar's El anacronópete, the first work of fiction to feature a time machine.^[18]
Publication begins of Futabatei Shimei's The Drifting Cloud (Ukigumo), the first modern novel in Japan.
The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn is founded.
Nagase Shoten (長瀬商店), predecessor of Japanese cosmetics and toiletry brand Kao Corporation, is founded in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, Japan.^{[citation needed]}
Tokyo Fire Insurance, predecessor of Sompo Japan Nipponkoa Insurance, is founded.^[19]
Taiwan becomes a Chinese province
Global construction and real estate development company Skanska is founded in Malmö, Sweden.^[20]
American financial services company A. G. Edwards is founded by General Albert Gallatin EdwardsinSt. Louis, Missouri.
Heyl & Patterson Inc., a pioneer in coal unloading equipment, is founded by Edmund W. Heyl and William J. Patterson in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
The first battery rail car is used on the Royal Bavarian State Railways.^[21]

January–February

edit

Miklós Kállay

Arthur Rubinstein

Edelmiro Julián Farrell

Joseph Bech

Chico Marx

January 1
- Wilhelm Canaris, head of German military intelligence in World War II (d. 1945)
- Max Ritter von Müller, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1918)
January 3 – August Macke, German painter (d. 1914)^[22]
January 10 – Robinson Jeffers, American poet (d. 1962)
January 13 – Jorge Chávez, Peruvian aviator (d. 1910)
January 17 – Ola Raknes, Norwegian psychoanalyst, philologist (d. 1975)
January 19 – Alexander Woollcott, American intellectual (d. 1943)
January 23
- Miklós Kállay, 34th prime minister of Hungary (d. 1967)^[23]
- Dorothy Payne Whitney, American-born philanthropist, social activist (d. 1968)
January 28 – Arthur Rubinstein, Polish-born pianist and conductor (d. 1982)^[24]
February 2 – Ernst Hanfstaengl, German-born American businessman and politician (d. 1975)
February 3 – Georg Trakl, Austrian poet (d. 1914)^[25]
February 5 – Corneliu Dragalina, Romanian general (d. 1949)
February 6 – Josef Frings, Archbishop of Cologne (d. 1978)
February 12 – Edelmiro Julián Farrell, Argentine general, 28th President of Argentina (d. 1980)
February 17
- Joseph Bech, Luxembourgish politician, 2-time prime minister of Luxembourg (d. 1975)^[26]
- Leevi Madetoja, Finnish composer (d. 1947)^[27]
February 20 – Vincent Massey, Governor General of Canada (d. 1967)^[28]
February 21 – Korechika Anami, Japanese general (d. 1945)

March–April

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March 5 – Heitor Villa-Lobos, Brazilian composer (d. 1959)^[29]
March 11 – Raoul Walsh, American film director (d. 1980)
March 13 – Alexander Vandegrift, American general (d. 1973)
March 14 – Sylvia Beach, American publisher in Paris (d. 1952)^[30]
March 18 – Aurel Aldea, Romanian general and politician (d. 1949)
March 21 – Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal (d. 1908)
March 22 – Chico Marx, American comedian and actor (d. 1961)
March 23
- Juan Gris, Spanish-born painter, graphic artist (d. 1927)^[31]
- Prince Felix Yusupov, Russian assassin of Rasputin (d. 1967)
March 24 – Roscoe Arbuckle, American actor, comedian, film director, and screenwriter (d. 1933)
March 25 – Chūichi Nagumo, Japanese admiral (d. 1944)
April 3 – Nishizō Tsukahara, Japanese admiral (d. 1966)
April 10 – Bernardo Houssay, Argentine physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
April 12 – Harold Lockwood, American film actor (d.1918)
April 22 – Harald Bohr, Danish mathematician and footballer (d. 1951)^[32]
April 26 – Kojo Tovalou Houénou, Beninese critic of the French colonial empire in Africa (d. 1936)

May–June

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May 2
- Vernon Castle, British-born American dancer (d. 1918)
- Eddie Collins, American baseball player (d. 1951)
May 5 – Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1972)
May 11 – Paul Wittgenstein, Austrian-born pianist (d. 1951)
May 15 – John H. Hoover, American admiral (d. 1970)
May 22 – Jim Thorpe, American athlete (d. 1953)
May 23 – C. R. M. F. Cruttwell, English historian (d. 1941)^[33]
May 25 – Padre Pio, Italian saint (d. 1968)
May 31 – Saint-John Perse, French diplomat, writer and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975)^[34]
June 3 – Carlo Michelstaedter, Italian philosopher (d. 1910)
June 4 – Tom Longboat, Canadian distance runner (d. 1949)
June 5 – Ruth Benedict, American anthropologist (d. 1948)
June 22 – Julian Huxley, British biologist (d. 1975)
June 26 – Ganna Walska, Polish-born American opera singer and horticulturist (d. 1984)

July–August

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July 1 – Morton Deyo, American admiral (d. 1973)
July 6 – Annette Kellermann, Australian swimmer and actress (d. 1975)
July 7 – Marc Chagall, Russian-born French painter (d. 1985)^[35]
July 9
- Emilio Mola, Spanish Nationalist commander (d. 1937)
- Samuel Eliot Morison, American historian (d. 1976)
July 14 – Curtis Shake, American jurist (d. 1978)
July 16 – Shoeless Joe Jackson, American baseball player (d. 1951)
July 18 – Vidkun Quisling, Norwegian politician, traitor (d. 1945)
July 21 – Luis A. Eguiguren, Peruvian historian and politician (d. 1967)
July 22 – Gustav Ludwig Hertz, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975)
July 28 – Marcel Duchamp, French artist (d. 1968)^[36]
July 29
- Sigmund Romberg, Hungarian-born American composer (d. 1951)
- Mamoru Shigemitsu, Japanese diplomat and politician (d. 1957)
July 31 – Mitsuru Ushijima, Japanese general (d. 1945)
August 3
- Rupert Brooke, British war poet (d. 1915)^[37]
- August Wesley, Finnish journalist, trade unionist, and revolutionary (d. ?)^[38]
August 6 – Oliver Wallace, English film composer (d. 1963)
August 12 – Erwin Schrödinger, Austrian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1961)
August 17
- Emperor Charles I of Austria (d. 1922)
- Marcus Garvey, Jamaican-born American publisher, entrepreneur and Pan Africanist (d. 1940)^[39]
August 22 – Walter Citrine, 1st Baron Citrine, British trade unionist (d. 1983)
August 24 – Harry Hooper, American baseball player (d. 1974)

September–October

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Avery Brundage

Le Corbusier

Chiang Kai-shek

September 1 – Blaise Cendrars, Swiss writer (d. 1961)^[40]
September 5 – Irene Fenwick, American actress (d. 1936)
September 8 – Jacob L. Devers, American general (d. 1979)
September 9 – Alf Landon, American Republican politician, presidential candidate (d. 1987)
September 10 – Giovanni Gronchi, 3rd president of Italy (d. 1978)
September 12 – Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli, Azerbaijani statesman, writer and claimed "core author" of novel Ali and Nino (d. in Gulag 1943)
September 13
- Lancelot Holland, British admiral (d. 1941)
- Leopold Ružička, Croatian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)
September 16 – Nadia Boulanger, French composer and composition teacher (d. 1979)^[41]
September 26 – William Barnard Rhodes-Moorhouse, British aviator, first airman to receive the Victoria Cross (d. 1915)
September 28 – Avery Brundage, American sports official, 5th President of the International Olympic Committee (d. 1975)^[42]
October 2 – Violet Jessop, Argentine-born British RMS Titanic survivor (d. 1971)
October 4 – Charles Alan Pownall, American admiral, 3rd Military Governor of Guam (d. 1975)
October 5 – René Cassin, French judge, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1976)
October 6 – Le Corbusier, Swiss architect (d. 1965)^[43]
October 13 – Jozef Tiso, Prime Minister of Slovakia (d. 1947)
October 20 – Prince Yasuhiko Asaka, Japanese prince (d. 1981)
October 22 – John Reed, American journalist (d. 1920)^[44]
October 23 – Lothar Rendulic, Austrian-born German general (d. 1971)
October 24 – Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, Queen Consort of Spain (d. 1969)
October 31 – Chiang Kai-shek, 1st president of the Republic of China (d. 1975)

November–December

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Bernard Montgomery

Boris Karloff

Erich von Manstein

November 1 – L. S. Lowry, English painter (d. 1976)^[45]
November 6 – Walter Johnson, American baseball player (d. 1946)
November 10 – Arnold Zweig, German writer (d. 1968)^[46]
November 11 – Roland Young, English actor (d. 1953)
November 14 – Amadeo de Souza Cardoso, Portuguese painter (d. 1918)
November 15 – Georgia O'Keeffe, American painter (d. 1986)^[47]
November 17 – Bernard Montgomery, British World War II commander (d. 1976)
November 19 – James B. Sumner, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955)
November 23
- Boris Karloff, British horror film actor (d. 1969)
- Henry Moseley, English physicist (d. 1915)
November 24 – Erich von Manstein, German field marshal (d. 1973)
November 25 – Nikolai Vavilov, Russian and Soviet agronomist, botanist and geneticist (d. 1943)^[48]
November 27 – Masaharu Homma, Japanese general (d. 1946)
November 28
- Jacobo Palm, Curaçao-born composer (d. 1982)
- Ernst Röhm, German Nazi SA leader (d. 1934)
December 3 – Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni, prime minister of Japan (d. 1990)
December 6 – Lynn Fontanne, British actress (d. 1983)
December 12 – Kurt Atterberg, Swedish composer (d. 1974)
December 13 – Alvin York, American World War I hero (d. 1964)
December 16 – Adone Zoli, Italian politician, 35th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1960)
December 22 – Srinivasa Ramanujan, Indian mathematician (d. 1920)
December 25 – Conrad Hilton, American hotelier (d. 1979)
December 26 – Arthur Percival, British general (d. 1966)

January–June

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January 12 – Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh, British politician (b. 1818)
February 19 – Eduard Douwes Dekker, Dutch writer (b. 1820)^[49]
February 25 – Jesse W. Fell, American businessman and landowner (b. 1808)^[50]
February 26 – Anandi Gopal Joshi, first Indian woman doctor (b. 1865)
February 27 – Alexander Borodin, Russian composer (b. 1833)^[51]
March 4 – Catherine Huggins, British actor, singer, director and manager (b. 1821)
March 8 – Henry Ward Beecher, American clergyman, reformer (b. 1813)
March 24
- Jean-Joseph Farre, French general and statesman (b. 1816)
- Justin Holland, American musician, civil rights activist (b. 1819)
- Ivan Kramskoi, Russian painter (b. 1837)
March 28 – Ditlev Gothard Monrad, Danish politician (b. 1811)^[52]
April 10 – John T. Raymond, American actor (b. 1836)
April 19 – Henry Hotze, Swiss-American Confederate propagandist (b. 1833)
April 23 – John Ceiriog Hughes, Welsh poet (b. 1832)^[53]
May 7 – C. F. W. Walther, German-American theologian (b. 1811)
May 8 – Aleksandr Ulyanov, Russian revolutionary, brother of V. I. Lenin (b. 1866)
May 14 – Lysander Spooner, American philosopher and abolitionist (b. 1808)
June 4 – William A. Wheeler, 19th Vice President of the United States (b. 1819)
June 10 – Richard Lindon, British inventor of the rugby ball, the India-rubber inflatable bladder and the brass hand pump for the same (b. 1816)

July–December

edit

Gustav Kirchhoff

July 8 – John Wright Oakes, English landscape painter (b. 1820)
July 17 – Dorothea Dix, American social activist (b. 1802)
July 25 – John Taylor, American religious leader (b. 1808)
August 8 – Alexander William Doniphan, American lawyer, soldier (b. 1808)
August 16
- Webster Paulson, English civil engineer (b. 1837)
- Sir Julius von Haast, German-born New Zealand geologist (b. 1822)
August 19
- Alvan Clark, American telescope manufacturer (b. 1804)
- Spencer Fullerton Baird, American naturalist and museum curator (b. 1823)
August 20 – Jules Laforgue, French poet (b. 1860)^[54]
September 12 – August von Werder, Prussian general (b. 1808)
October 12 – Dinah Craik, English novelist and poet (b. 1826)^[55]
October 17 – Gustav Kirchhoff, German physicist (b. 1824)
October 21 – Bernard Jauréguiberry, French admiral, statesman (b. 1815)
October 26 – Hugo von Kirchbach, Prussian general (b. 1809)
October 31 – Sir George Macfarren, British composer and musicologist (b. 1813)
November 2
- Jenny Lind, Swedish soprano (b. 1820)^[56]
- Alfred Domett, 4th Premier of New Zealand (b. 1811)^[57]
November 8 – Doc Holliday, American gambler, gunfighter (b. 1851)^[58]
November 19 – Emma Lazarus, American poet (b. 1859)^[59]
November 28 – Gustav Fechner, German experimental psychologist (b. 1801)
December 5 – Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons, British diplomat (b. 1817)
December 14 – William Garrow Lettsom, British diplomat, mineralogist and spectroscopist (b. 1805)
December 23 – Adolphus Frederick Alexander Woodford, British parson (b. 1821)

Date unknown

edit

Antoinette Nording, Swedish perfume entrepreneur (b. 1814)

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^ "The Loss of the Kapunda: Details of the Disaster". Belfast Morning News. February 23, 1887. p. 5. Retrieved March 18, 2016.

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^ Dana Facaros; Michael Pauls (1982). New York & the Mid-Atlantic States. Regnery Gateway. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-89526-856-3.

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^ "Parks Canada - This Week in History". March 18, 2004. Archived from the original on March 18, 2004.

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^ U.S. Patent No. 366,945, filed July 6, 1886; second patent granted October 11, 1887: U.S. Patent No. 371,496, filed March 12, 1887.

^ "Brand and History - About Us - Yamaha Corporation". www.yamaha.com. Retrieved May 19, 2021.

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^ Westcott, Kathryn (April 9, 2011). "HG Wells or Enrique Gaspar: Whose time machine was first?". BBC News. Retrieved April 9, 2011.

^ "The Yasuda Fire and Marine Insurance Company, Limited History". Funding Universe. Retrieved May 19, 2021.

^ "Our history". Skanska - Global corporate website. Retrieved October 19, 2020.

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^ Szy, Tibor (1966). Hungarians in America: A Biographical Directory of Professionals of Hungarian Origin in the Americas. Kossuth Foundation. p. 218.

^ Opus. Warwick Publishing Group. 1999. p. 30.

^ Trakl, Georg; Skelton, Robin (1994). Dark Seasons: A Selection of Poems. Broken Jaw Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-921411-22-2.

^ Official Journal of the European Communities: Debates of the European Parliament. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. March 1975. p. 2.

^ Morris, Mark (1996). A Guide to 20th-century Composers. Methuen. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-413-45601-4.

^ Bissell, Claude (December 15, 1981). The Young Vincent Massey. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4426-3371-1.

^ Béhague, Gerard (1994). Heitor Villa-Lobos: The Search for Brazil's Musical Soul. Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Texas at Austin. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-292-70823-5.

^ Kellner, Bruce (1988). A Gertrude Stein Companion: Content with the Example. Greenwood Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-313-25078-1.

^ Brion, Marcel (1958). Modern Painting; from Impressionism to Abstract Art. Thames and Hudson. p. 95.

^ Bochner, Salomon (1992). Collected Papers of Salomon Bochner. American Mathematical Society. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-8218-7054-9.

^ Ellis, Geoffrey (2007). "Cruttwell, Charles Robert Mowbray Fraser". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32655. Retrieved November 1, 2010. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (subscription required)

^ Bernard S. Schlessinger; June H. Schlessinger (1991). The Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners, 1901-1990. Oryx Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-89774-599-4.

^ Anthony Mason (July 5, 2004). Marc Chagall. Gareth Stevens Publishing LLLP. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8368-5649-1.

^ Marcel Brion (1958). Modern Painting; from Impressionism to Abstract Art. Thames and Hudson. p. 94.

^ John Lehmann (1980). Rupert Brooke: His Life and His Legend. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-297-77757-1.

^ August Wesley - Born Glorious

^ Marcus Garvey; Robert A. Hill (August 17, 1987). Marcus Garvey Life and Lessons: A Centennial Companion to the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers. University of California Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-520-06265-8.

^ John Flower (January 17, 2013). Historical Dictionary of French Literature. Scarecrow Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8108-7945-4.

^ Alan Kendall (1976). The Tender Tyrant, Nadia Boulanger: A Life Devoted to Music : a Biography. Macdonald and Jane's. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-356-08403-9.

^ John Apostal Lucas (1980). The Modern Olympic Games. A. S. Barnes. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-498-02447-4.

^ Juan Antonio Ramírez (2000). The Beehive Metaphor: From Gaudí to Le Corbusier. Reaktion Books. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-86189-056-6.

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^ Irene Harand (1937). His Struggle (an Answer to Hitler). Artcraft Press. p. 240.

^ Britta Benke (2000). Georgia O'Keeffe, 1887-1986: Flowers in the Desert. Taschen. p. 5. ISBN 978-3-8228-5861-5.

^ Sputnik. Novosti Printing House. 1997. p. 5.

^ Frank Northen Magill (1958). Masterplots: Cyclopedia of world authors; seven hundred fifty three novelists, poets, playwrights from the world's fine literature. Salem Press. p. 777.

^ Sarah M. Fell: Genealogy of the Fell family in America, descended from Joseph Fell, who settled in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 1705 : With some account of the family remaining in England, &c. Sickler, Philadelphia, 1891, p. 139: Jesse W. Fell [1]

^ Overture: The Magazine of the Baltimore Symphony. Baltimore Symphony Orchestra Association. 1979. p. 20.

^ Jon Bartley Stewart (2009). Kierkegaard and His Danish Contemporaries: Philosophy, politics and social theory. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-7546-6872-5.

^ David Gwenallt Jones. "Hughes, John (Ceiriog; 1832-1887), poet". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved November 2, 2020.

^ St James Press; Anthony Levi (1992). Guide to French Literature: 1789 to the Present. St. James Press. p. 345. ISBN 978-1-55862-086-5.

^ August Nemo; Dinah Craik (July 1, 2019). Essential Novelists - Dinah Craik: The Ideals of English Middle-class Life. Tacet Books. p. 3. ISBN 978-85-7777-325-1.

^ Cecilia Jorgensen; Jens Jorgensen (2003). Chopin and the Swedish Nightingale: The Life and Times of Chopin and a Romance Unveiled 154 Years Later. Icons of Europe. p. 89. ISBN 978-2-9600385-0-7.

^ Claudia Orange (December 21, 2015). The Story of a Treaty. Bridget Williams Books. p. 269. ISBN 978-1-927131-34-3.

^ Jon Tuska; Vicki Piekarski; Paul J. Blanding (1984). The Frontier Experience: A Reader's Guide to the Life and Literature of the American West. McFarland. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-89950-118-5.

^ Emma Lazarus (1888). The Poems of Emma Lazarus. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 1. ISBN 9781421934624.

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