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Mono language (Congo)

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Mono is a language spoken by about 65,000 people^[2] in the northwestern corner of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is one of the Banda languages, a subbranch of the Ubangian branch of the Niger–Congo languages. It has five dialects: Bili, Bubanda, Mpaka, Galaba, and Kaga.

Mono
Native to	Democratic Republic of the Congo
Region	Northwestern corner of Congo (DRC)
Native speakers	(65,000 cited 1984 census)^[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta–Congo Savanna? Ubangian Banda Central Banda Mid-Southern Mono
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`mnh`
Glottolog	`mono1270`
ELP	Mono (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Mono has 33 consonant phonemes, including three labial-velar stops (/k͡p/, /ɡ͡b/, and prenasalized /ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b/), an asymmetrical eight-vowel system, and a labiodental flap /ⱱ/ (allophonically a bilabial flap [ⱳ]) that contrasts with both /v/ and /w/. It is a tonal language.

Phonology

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Consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Post-alv./ Palatal	Velar	Labial- Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩	ɲ ⟨ny⟩
Plosive/ Affricate	Voiceless	p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t⟩	tʃ ⟨tsh⟩	k ⟨k⟩	k͡p ⟨kp⟩	ʔ ⟨'⟩
	Voiced	b ⟨b⟩	d ⟨d⟩	dʒ ⟨dj⟩	g ⟨g⟩	ɡ͡b ⟨gb⟩
	Prenasalized	ᵐb ⟨mb⟩	ⁿd ⟨nd⟩	ⁿdʒ ⟨ndj⟩	ᵑɡ ⟨ng⟩	ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b ⟨ngb⟩
	Implosive	ɓ ⟨'b⟩	ɗ ⟨'d⟩
Fricative	Voiceless	f ⟨f⟩	s ⟨s⟩	ʃ ⟨sh⟩			h ⟨h⟩
Fricative	Voiced	v ⟨v⟩	z ⟨z⟩	ʒ ⟨j⟩
Trill/Tap		ⱱ ~ ⱱ̟ ⟨vw⟩	r ⟨r⟩
Approximant			l ⟨l⟩	j ⟨y⟩		w ⟨w⟩

Vowels
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ⟨i⟩	ɨ ⟨ɨ⟩	u ⟨u⟩
Close-mid	e ⟨e⟩	ə ⟨œ⟩	o ⟨o⟩
Open-mid		ə ⟨œ⟩	ɔ ⟨ɔ⟩
Open		a ⟨a⟩

Tones^[3]
	High	Mid	Low
IPA	˥ ⟨á⟩	˧ ⟨ā⟩	˩ ⟨à⟩
Description	High Level	Mid Level	Low Level
Transcription	á	a	à
Example	áwá ⟨áwá⟩	āwā ⟨awa⟩	àwà ⟨àwà⟩
English Meaning	"diarrhea"	"road"	"fear"

References

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^ MonoatEthnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

^ Ethnologue report for Mono

^ Olson, Kenneth S. 2004

Kamanda-Kola, Roger. 2003. Phonologie et morpho-syntaxe du mono: Langue oubanguienne du Congo R.D. (LINCOM Studies in African Linguistics 60). Munich: LINCOM EUROPA.
Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
Olson, Kenneth S. 2005. The phonology of Mono (SIL International and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics 140). Dallas: SIL & UTA.
Olson, Kenneth S. & Brian E. Schrag. 2000. 'An overview of Mono phonology'. In H. Ekkehard Wolff & Orin Gensler (eds.), Proceedings from the 2nd World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig 1997, 393–409. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.

External links

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SIL article on new phonetic symbol for labiodental flap

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mono_language_(Congo)&oldid=1209566038" Last edited on 22 February 2024, at 14:44

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