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Pashayi languages

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PashayiorPashai (پشه اې ژبه) is a group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken by the Pashai people in parts of Kapisa, Laghman, Nangarhar, Nuristan, Kunar and Kabul (Surobi District) provinces in Northeastern Afghanistan.^[2]

Pashayi
Pashai
زبان پشه‌ای Zabân Pašhây
Pashayi in Nastaliq
Native to	Afghanistan
Ethnicity	Pashayi people
Native speakers	400,000 (2000–2011)^[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Dardic Pashayi
Writing system	Persian alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: `aee` – Northeastern `glh` – Northwestern `psi` – Southeastern `psh` – Southwestern
Glottolog	`pash1270`
Linguasphere	`59-AAA-a`
Linguistic map of Afghanistan; Pashayi is spoken in the purple area in the east.

The Pashayi languages had no known written form prior to 2003.^[3] There are four mutually unintelligible varieties, with only about a 30% lexical similarity:^[1]

Northeastern: Aret, Chalas (Chilas), Kandak, Korangal, Kurdar dialects
Northwestern: Alasai, Bolaghain, Gulbahar, Kohnadeh, Laurowan, Najil, Nangarach, Pachagan, Pandau, Parazhghan, Pashagar, Sanjan, Shamakot, Shutul, Uzbin, Wadau dialects
Southeastern: Damench, Laghmani, Sum, Upper and Lower Darai Nur, Wegali dialects
Southwestern: Ishpi, Isken, Tagau dialects

A grammar of the language was written as a doctoral dissertation in 2014.^[4]

Phonology

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Consonants

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Pashayi consonants^[4]^: 70
		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palato- alveolar	Retroflex	Dorsal	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ɳ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t̪		ʈ	k
Plosive	voiced	b	d̪		ɖ	ɡ
Affricate	voiceless			t͡ʃ
Affricate	voiced			d͡ʒ
Fricative	voiceless		s	ʃ	(ʂ)	x	(h)
	voiced		z	ʒ	(ʐ)	ɣ
	lateral		ɬ
Rhotic	tap		ɾ		ɽ
Rhotic	trill		r
Approximant	lateral		l
Approximant	central	ʋ ~ w				j

[h] is only phonemic in the Amla dialect.
Sounds [f] and [q] can also occur, but only in loanwords and among Dari speakers.
[ʂ] is more commonly heard among older speakers, but is lost among younger speakers, and is heard as a postalveolar [ʃ].
[ʐ] is more commonly heard among older speakers, but is lost among younger speakers, and is heard as a postalveolar [ʒ].
/ʋ/ is heard before front vowels /i e/. When occurring before or after central or back vowels /a u o/, it is heard as [w].
According to Masica (1991) some dialects have a /θ/.

Vowels

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Pashayi vowels^[4]^: 91
	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e eː		o oː
Low		a aː

Only mid or low vowels have lengthened equivalents.
/e/ can be heard as [ɛ] and /a/ can be heard as [ə] or [æ], in certain environments.^[4]

References

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^ ^a ^b NortheasternatEthnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
NorthwesternatEthnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
SoutheasternatEthnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
SouthwesternatEthnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

^ Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 440.

^ Yun, Ju-Hong (2003). Pashai Language Development Project: Promoting Pashai language, literacy and community development (PDF). Conference on language development, language revitalization and multilingual education in minority communities in Asia. 6–8 November 2003. Bangkok, Thailand. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lehr, Rachel (2014). A Descriptive Grammar of Pashai: The Language and Speech Community of Darrai Nur (PhD thesis). University of Chicago. ISBN 978-1-321-22417-7. ProQuest 1620321674.

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Last edited on 16 June 2024, at 07:59

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Pashayi languages

Contents

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Further reading

References

Languages