SUMO2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Aliases | SUMO2, HSMT3, SMT3B, SMT3H2, SUMO3, Smt3A, small ubiquitin-like modifier 2, small ubiquitin like modifier 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
External IDs | OMIM: 603042; MGI: 2158813; HomoloGene: 87858; GeneCards: SUMO2; OMA:SUMO2 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Wikidata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) protein family. It is a ubiquitin-like protein and functions in a manner similar to ubiquitin in that it is bound to target proteins as part of a post-translational modification system. However, unlike ubiquitin, which is primarily associated with targeting proteins for proteasomal degradation, SUMO2 is involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. It is not active until the last two amino acids of the carboxy-terminus have been cleaved off. Numerous pseudogenes have been reported for this gene. Alternate transcriptional splice variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized.[6]
SUMO2 has been shown to interact with TRIM63[7] and CFAP298.[8]
Deep hypothermia protects the brain from ischemic injury, which is why it's employed for major cardiovascular procedures that necessitate cardiopulmonary bypass and a period of circulatory arrest. With an experiment [9] conducted to moderate hypothermia, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO1-3) conjugation was significantly activated in the brain. The effects of hypothermia on SUMO conjugation were evaluated in this experiment[9] using Western blot and immunohistochemistry in animals that were either normothermic (37 °C) or deep to moderate (18 °C, 24 °C, 30 °C) hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. In these cells, even 30 °C hypothermia was enough to significantly boost SUMO2/3-conjugated protein levels and nucleus accumulation. Deep hypothermia caused the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 to translocate to the nucleus, implying that the increase in nuclear levels of SUMO2/3-conjugated proteins seen in hypothermic animals' brains is an active process. Deep hypothermia caused only a small increase in the amounts of SUMO2/3-conjugated proteins in primary neuronal cells. This shows that neurons in vivo have a greater capacity to activate this endogenous possibly neuroprotective mechanism when exposed to hypothermia than neurons in vitro. Identifying proteins that are SUMO2/3 conjugated during hypothermia could aid in the development of new preventive and therapeutic therapies to make neurons more resistant to a transient blood supply interruption.
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