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'''10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement''' on 1–6 September 1992 in |
'''10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement''' on 1–6 September 1992 in Jakarta, [[Indonesia]] was the conference of Heads of State or Government of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref name="Final Document">{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |date=1992 |title=10th Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement |publisher=[[James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies]] |url=http://cns.miis.edu/nam/documents/Official_Document/10th_Summit_FD_Jakarta_Declaration_1992_Whole.pdf}}</ref> Around 100 delegations, including some 60 heads of State or government, participated in the Summit in Jakarta.<ref name="Syatauw">{{cite journal |last1=Syatauw |first1=J.J.G. |date=1994 |title=The Non-Aligned Movement at the Crossroads—The Jakarta Summit Adapting to the Post-Cold War Era |journal=[[Asian Yearbook of International Law]] |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004400627_009}}</ref> |
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The end of the [[Cold War]] and the subsequent violent [[breakup of Yugoslavia]], one of the founding and core members, seemed to bring into question the very existence of the Movement, yet it was preserved during the times of crisis by the politically pragmatic chairmanship of |
The end of the [[Cold War]] and the subsequent violent [[breakup of Yugoslavia]], one of the founding and core members, seemed to bring into question the very existence of the Movement, yet it was preserved during the times of crisis by the politically pragmatic chairmanship of Indonesia.<ref name="International Organizations 2008">{{cite book |last=Schiavone |first=Giuseppe |date=2008 |title=International Organizations: A dictionary and directory |edition=Seventh |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |page=250 |isbn=978-0-230-57322-2 }}</ref> The Summit concluded that the NAM would create a special panel of economists and experts to investigate appropriate options for [[debt relief]] needed by many member needed by many member states.<ref name="NYT">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/07/world/non-aligned-movement-decides-it-is-still-relevant.html |title=Non-Aligned Movement Decides It Is Still Relevant |date=7 September 1992 |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 April 2022 }}</ref> |
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[[Brunei Darussalam]] joined the Movement at the Jakarta Conference.<ref name="Brunei">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.bn/Pages/The-Non-Aligned-Movement-(NAM)-.aspx |title=The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) |date=n.d. |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brunei)]] |access-date=15 April 2022 }}</ref> Alongside Brunei, [[Myanmar]] (left the [[6th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|NAM in 1979]]<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/>), the [[Philippines]] and [[Uzbekistan]] also joined the movement, [[Cambodia]] had returned as the country was now governed by the [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia]] while Argentina left the movement bringing the list of members to 108 countries in total.<ref name="Syatauw"/> [[Thailand]] as well as newly independent [[Armenia]] and [[Croatia]] were granted observer status for the first time (in total there was 8 observers), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Slovenia]] were granted guest status for the first time (in total there were 18 States and 13 organizations with that status).<ref name="Syatauw"/> Requests by [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[FYR Macedonia]] were referred for further consideration.<ref name="Syatauw"/> |
[[Brunei Darussalam]] joined the Movement at the Jakarta Conference.<ref name="Brunei">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.bn/Pages/The-Non-Aligned-Movement-(NAM)-.aspx |title=The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) |date=n.d. |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brunei)]] |access-date=15 April 2022 }}</ref> Alongside Brunei, [[Myanmar]] (left the [[6th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|NAM in 1979]]<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/>), the [[Philippines]] and [[Uzbekistan]] also joined the movement, [[Cambodia]] had returned as the country was now governed by the [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia]] while Argentina left the movement bringing the list of members to 108 countries in total.<ref name="Syatauw"/> [[Thailand]] as well as newly independent [[Armenia]] and [[Croatia]] were granted observer status for the first time (in total there was 8 observers), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Slovenia]] were granted guest status for the first time (in total there were 18 States and 13 organizations with that status).<ref name="Syatauw"/> Requests by [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[FYR Macedonia]] were referred for further consideration.<ref name="Syatauw"/> |
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===Yugoslav Crisis=== |
===Yugoslav Crisis=== |
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{{see also|Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement}} |
{{see also|Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement}} |
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At the time of the |
At the time of the Breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990's, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was at the end of its 1989-1992 chairmanship of the movement and was about to transfer its chairmanship to Indonesia. The Yugoslav crisis created logistical and legal issues in the smooth transfer to Indonesian chairmanship. At the time of the September 1–6, 1992 conference in Jakarta, the [[Yugoslav Wars]] had begun. Former Yugoslav republics of Croatia, Slovenia and [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] joined the [[United Nations]] as new member states while UN imposed [[sanctions against Yugoslavia]]. New [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (consisting of [[Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)|Serbia]] and [[Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)|Montenegro]]) claimed to be the sole legal successor of the Socialist Yugoslavia (which had been rejected in the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 777]] a couple of days following the conference). Non-Aligned Movement movement was unable to influence developments in Yugoslavia in any significant way and was mostly responding to them.<ref name="Syatauw"/> |
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The Yugoslav Crisis created an unprecedented situation in which the chairperson of the movement ([[Dobrica Ćosić]] who was in [[London]] at the time) was absent from the conference to transfer the chairmanship to Indonesia.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana">{{cite book |last=Jakovina |first=Tvrtko |date=2011|title=Treća strana Hladnog rata |publisher=Fraktura |isbn=978-953-266-203-0 }}</ref> The Yugoslav delegation, without any clear instructions from Belgrade, was led by Montenegrin diplomat [[Branko Lukovac]].<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> The delegation agreed that the new post-Yugoslav states could participate in the meeting with the status of observers despite the fact that Belgrade did not recognize them at the time.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> In the partially chaotic circumstances, the Yugoslav delegation ([[de facto]] Serbian and Montenegrin delegation) managed to achieve results which the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt]], [[Amr Moussa]], described as good for Yugoslavia and better than what should be expected from the United Nations.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> The movement decided not to expel Yugoslavia from the movement. Instead, to leave the Yugoslav nametag and the ''empty chair'', which was kept until the beginning of the XXI century when, after the [[overthrow of Slobodan Milošević]], the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia dropped its claim on sole succession of the Socialist Yugoslavia.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was not to be invited to conferences except if Yugoslav issues were discussed.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> |
The Yugoslav Crisis created an unprecedented situation in which the chairperson of the movement ([[Dobrica Ćosić]] who was in [[London]] at the time) was absent from the conference to transfer the chairmanship to Indonesia.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana">{{cite book |last=Jakovina |first=Tvrtko |date=2011|title=Treća strana Hladnog rata |publisher=Fraktura |isbn=978-953-266-203-0 }}</ref> The Yugoslav delegation, without any clear instructions from Belgrade, was led by Montenegrin diplomat [[Branko Lukovac]].<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> The delegation agreed that the new post-Yugoslav states could participate in the meeting with the status of observers despite the fact that Belgrade did not recognize them at the time.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> In the partially chaotic circumstances, the Yugoslav delegation ([[de facto]] Serbian and Montenegrin delegation) managed to achieve results which the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt]], [[Amr Moussa]], described as good for Yugoslavia and better than what should be expected from the United Nations.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> The movement decided not to expel Yugoslavia from the movement. Instead, to leave the Yugoslav nametag and the ''empty chair'', which was kept until the beginning of the XXI century when, after the [[overthrow of Slobodan Milošević]], the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia dropped its claim on sole succession of the Socialist Yugoslavia.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was not to be invited to conferences except if Yugoslav issues were discussed.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/> |
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| 10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement | |
|---|---|
| Host country |  Indonesia |
| Date | 1–6 September 1992 |
| Cities | Jakarta |
| Chair | Sukarno (President of Indonesia) |
| Follows | 9th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement |
| Precedes | 11th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement |
10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement on 1–6 September 1992 in Jakarta, Indonesia was the conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement.[1] Around 100 delegations, including some 60 heads of State or government, participated in the Summit in Jakarta.[2]
The end of the Cold War and the subsequent violent breakup of Yugoslavia, one of the founding and core members, seemed to bring into question the very existence of the Movement, yet it was preserved during the times of crisis by the politically pragmatic chairmanship of Indonesia.[3] The Summit concluded that the NAM would create a special panel of economists and experts to investigate appropriate options for debt relief needed by many member needed by many member states.[4]
Brunei Darussalam joined the Movement at the Jakarta Conference.[5] Alongside Brunei, Myanmar (left the NAM in 1979[6]), the Philippines and Uzbekistan also joined the movement, Cambodia had returned as the country was now governed by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia while Argentina left the movement bringing the list of members to 108 countries in total.[2] Thailand as well as newly independent Armenia and Croatia were granted observer status for the first time (in total there was 8 observers), Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia were granted guest status for the first time (in total there were 18 States and 13 organizations with that status).[2] Requests by Kyrgyzstan and FYR Macedonia were referred for further consideration.[2]
At the time of the Breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990's, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was at the end of its 1989-1992 chairmanship of the movement and was about to transfer its chairmanship to Indonesia. The Yugoslav crisis created logistical and legal issues in the smooth transfer to Indonesian chairmanship. At the time of the September 1–6, 1992 conference in Jakarta, the Yugoslav Wars had begun. Former Yugoslav republics of Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia-Herzegovina joined the United Nations as new member states while UN imposed sanctions against Yugoslavia. New Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (consisting of Serbia and Montenegro) claimed to be the sole legal successor of the Socialist Yugoslavia (which had been rejected in the United Nations Security Council Resolution 777 a couple of days following the conference). Non-Aligned Movement movement was unable to influence developments in Yugoslavia in any significant way and was mostly responding to them.[2]
The Yugoslav Crisis created an unprecedented situation in which the chairperson of the movement (Dobrica Ćosić who was in London at the time) was absent from the conference to transfer the chairmanship to Indonesia.[6] The Yugoslav delegation, without any clear instructions from Belgrade, was led by Montenegrin diplomat Branko Lukovac.[6] The delegation agreed that the new post-Yugoslav states could participate in the meeting with the status of observers despite the fact that Belgrade did not recognize them at the time.[6] In the partially chaotic circumstances, the Yugoslav delegation (de facto Serbian and Montenegrin delegation) managed to achieve results which the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt, Amr Moussa, described as good for Yugoslavia and better than what should be expected from the United Nations.[6] The movement decided not to expel Yugoslavia from the movement. Instead, to leave the Yugoslav nametag and the empty chair, which was kept until the beginning of the XXI century when, after the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia dropped its claim on sole succession of the Socialist Yugoslavia.[6] The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was not to be invited to conferences except if Yugoslav issues were discussed.[6]
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