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{{short description|West African symbols that represent concepts or aphorisms}}
{{About|the [[Bono people|Bono]] visual symbols|the term in physics|Adinkra symbols (physics)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Gyaman Adinkra Symbols.jpg|alt=|thumb|390x390px|Samples of recorded Adinkra symbols]]
'''''Adinkra''''' are [[symbol]]s from [[Ghana]] that represent [[concept]]s or [[aphorism]]s. ''Adinkra'' are used extensively in fabrics, logos and pottery. They are incorporated into walls and other architectural features. ''Adinkra'' symbols appear on some traditional [[Akan goldweights]]. The symbols are also carved on stools for domestic and ritual use. Tourism has led to new departures in the use of the symbols in items such as T-shirts and jewellery.
[[File:AdinkraCalabashStamps.jpg|thumb|Adinkra calabash stamps|alt=]]

The symbols have a decorative function but also represent objects that encapsulate evocative messages conveying traditional wisdom, aspects of life, or the environment. There are many symbols with distinct meanings, often linked with [[proverb]]s. In the words of [[Kwame Anthony Appiah]], they were one of the means for "supporting the transmission of a complex and nuanced body of practice and belief".<ref>{{cite book|last=Appiah|first=Kwame Anthony|title=In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-506852-8|edition=1st paperback |author-link=Kwame Anthony Appiah}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Adinkra cloth.JPG|thumb|1817 Adinkra mourning cloth]]

Adinkra symbols were originally created by the [[Bono people]] of [[Gyaaman|Gyaman]]. The Gyaman king, [[List of rulers of the Akan state of Gyaaman|Nana Kwadwo Agyemang Adinkra]], originally created or designed these symbols, naming it after himself. The Adinkra symbols were largely used on pottery, stools etc. by the people of [[Bono people|Bono]]. Adinkra cloth was worn by the king of Gyaman, and its usage spread from Bono Gyaman to [[Ashanti people|Asante]] and other [[Akan kingdom|Akan kingdoms]] following its defeat. It is said that the guild designers who designed this cloth for the Kings were forced to teach the Asantes the craft. Gyaman king Nana Kwadwo Agyemang Adinkra's first son, Apau, who was said to be well versed in the Adinkra craft, was forced to teach more about Adinkra cloths. Oral accounts have attested to the fact that Adinkra Apau taught the process to a man named [[Kwaku Dwaku]] in a town near [[Kumasi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=DeMello|first=Margo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmRyBAAAQBAJ&q=Adinkra&pg=PA3|title=Inked: Tattoos and Body Art around the World [2 volumes]|date=30 May 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-076-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adinkra Symbols {{!}} African Themed Weddings {{!}} African Wedding Ceremonies {{!}} African Wedding Traditions|url=https://africanthemedweddings.com/adinkra-symbols/|language=en-US|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ghanaculturepolitics.com/history-and-origin-of-adinkra-symbols/|title=History and Origin of Adinkra Symbols|date=25 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://afrolegends.com/2014/08/27/adinkra-symbols-and-the-rich-akan-culture/|title=Adinkra Symbols and the Rich Akan Culture|website=African Heritage|date=27 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Boateng|first=Boatema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4rhk5iHY70C&q=gyaman+adinkra&pg=PA22|title=The Copyright Thing Doesn't Work Here: Adinkra and Kente Cloth and Intellectual Property in Ghana|date=2011|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-7002-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rucker|first=Walter C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2XlG4rRK4QC&q=gyaman+Adinkra+symbols&pg=PA50|title=The River Flows on: Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America|date=2006|publisher=LSU Press|isbn=978-0-8071-3109-1|language=en}}</ref> Over time, all Akan people including the [[Fante people|Fante]], [[Akuapem dialect|Akuapem]] and [[Akyem]] all made Adinkra symbols a major part of their culture, as they all originated from the ancient Bono Kingdom.

The oldest surviving adinkra cloth was made in 1817. The cloth features 15 stamped symbols, including ''nsroma'' (stars), ''dono ntoasuo'' (double Dono drums), and diamonds.The patterns were printed using carved [[calabash]] stamps and a vegetable-based dye. It has resided in the [[British Museum]] since 1818, when it was donated by [[Thomas Edward Bowdich|Thomas E. Bowdich]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adinkra |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/fashion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/adinkra|access-date=2 September 2021|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 June 2015|title=Adinkra Ghanaian Textile is a printed traditional cloth in Ghana|url=https://bellafricana.com/the-story-of-adinkra-ghanaian-textile/|access-date=2 September 2021|website=Bellafricana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=cloth {{!}} British Museum|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1818-1114-23|access-date=2 September 2021|website=The British Museum|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Adinkra 1825.jpg|thumb|1825 Adinkra cloth]]
The next oldest piece of ''adinkra'' textile was sent in 1825 from the [[Elmina Castle]] to the royal [[cabinet of curiosities]] in [[The Hague]], in response to an assignment from Major F. Last, who was appointed temporary Commander of [[Dutch Gold Coast]]. He had the cloth commissioned from the Fante paramount chief of Elmina for [[William I of the Netherlands]], which would explain why the [[coat of arms of the Netherlands]] is in the centre. The other motifs are typical of the older ''adinkras''. It is now on display in the [[National Museum of Ethnology (Netherlands)|National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkenkunde.nl/rmv/internet/eain_ghana.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322165030/http://www.volkenkunde.nl/rmv/internet/eain_ghana.html |archive-date=22 March 2012 }} clickable image on right links to description</ref>

In November 2020, a school board in [[York, Pennsylvania]], banned "a children's coloring book that featured African Adrinkra [''sic''] symbols found in fabrics, logos and pottery."<ref>Locurto, Tina (1 September 2021), [https://www.yorkdispatch.com/story/news/education/2021/09/01/afraid-teach-schools-book-ban-targeted-black-latino-authors/5601980001/ "'Afraid to teach': School's book ban targeted Black, Latino authors"], ''York Dispatch'', September 1, 2021.</ref>

==''Adinkra'' cloth==
In [[Akan language|Akan]] ([[Twi]]), the term ''[[wikt:adinkra|adinkra]]'' refers to not symbols, but a particular type of cloth.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=adiṅkărá|author-link=Johann Gottlieb Christaller|last=Christaller|first=Johann Gottlieb|year=1881|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6UTAAAAYAAJ&dq=linen&pg=PA84|title=A Dictionary of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi (Chwee, Tw̌i)|page=84|location=Basel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kotey|first=Paul A.|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aXBHwi4YDbwC&dq=adinkra&pg=PA23|title=Twi-English/English-Twi Dictionary|location=New York|publisher=Hippocrene Books|page=23|isbn=978-0-7818-0264-2}}</ref> ''Adinkra'' cloths were traditionally only worn by royalty and spiritual leaders for funerals and other very special occasions. In the past they were hand-printed on undyed, red, dark brown or black hand-woven natural cotton fabric depending on the occasion and the wearer's role; nowadays they are frequently mass-produced on brighter coloured fabrics.<ref>{{Cite book|last=DeMello|first=Margo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmRyBAAAQBAJ&q=Adinkra&pg=PA3|title=Inked: Tattoos and Body Art around the World [2 volumes]|date=30 May 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-076-8|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:NtonsoAdinkraComb.jpg|thumb|Anthony Boakye uses a comb to mark parallel lines on an adinkra cloth in [[Ntonso]], [[Ghana]].|alt=]]
[[File:NtonsoAdinkra.jpg|thumb|Anthony Boakye prints an adinkra cloth with a calabash stamp in Ntonso, Ghana.|alt=]]

The present centre of traditional production of ''adinkra'' cloth is from Ghana, [[Ntonso|Ntɔnso]], 20&nbsp;km northwest of Kumasi and in Ivory Coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/ontheline/schools/adinkra/adinkrah.htm|title=Cool Planet - Oxfam Education|website=Oxfam GB|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729060757/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/ontheline/schools/adinkra/adinkrah.htm|archive-date=29 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dark Adinkra ''aduro'' pigment for the stamping is made there, by soaking, pulverizing, and boiling the inner bark and roots of the badie tree (''[[Bridelia]] ferruginea'')<ref>{{cite book|last = Jansen|first = P. C. M.|year = 2005|title = Dyes and Tannins|publisher = PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa)|page = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dVBYe0SK1TwC/page/n102 102]|isbn = 9057821591|url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dVBYe0SK1TwC|access-date = 19 June 2013}}</ref> in water over a wood fire. Once the dark colour is released, the mixture is strained, and then boiled for several more hours until it thickens. The stamps are carved out of the bottom of a [[calabash]] piece. They measure between five and eight centimetres square. They have a handle on the back, and the stamp itself is slightly curved so that the dye can be put on with a rocking motion.

== Sample of symbols listed ==
Recorded sample of 53 ''adinkra'' symbols and their meanings
[[File:Adinkra Rattray.JPG|thumb|Adinkra symbols recorded by [[Robert Sutherland Rattray]], 1927]]
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+
List of symbols and Information
!Number
!Symbol Name
!Literal Meaning
!Further Details
!Related Symbols
|-
|1
|''Aban''
|a two-storied house, a castle
|this design was formerly worn by the King of Gyaman alone
|
|-
|4
|''Adinkira 'hene''
|the Adinkira king
|'chief' of all these Adinkira designs
|
|-
|8
|''Agyindawuru''
|the agyin tree's  gong
|the juice of a tree of that name is sometimes squeezed into a gong and is said to make the sound pleasing to the spirits
|
|-
|
|''Akam''
|an edible plant, possibly a yam
|
|
|-
|9
|''Akoben''
|the war-horn
|
|
|-
|12
|''Akoko nan tia 'ba, na nkum 'ba''
|A hen treads upon chickens but does not kill them
|
|
|-
|13
|''Akoma''
|a heart, with a cross in the centre
|
|
|-
|
|[None listed]
|
|
|No. 13
|-
|14
|''AKOMA NTOSO''
|the joined hearts
|
|
|-
|18
|''Aya''
|the fern
|the word also means 'I am not afraid of you', 'I am independent of you' and the wearer may imply this by wearing it
|
|-
|20
|''BI NKA BI''
|no one should bite the other
|
|
|-
|23
|''DAME-DAME''
|name of a board game
|symbol of intelligence and ingenuity
|
|-
|25
|''Dono''
|the ''dono'' drum
|
|
|-
|26
|''Dono ntoasuo''
|the double ''dono'' drums
|
|
|-
|27
|''Duafe''
|the wooden comb
|
|-
|28
|''Dwenini aben''
|the ram's horns
|
|
|-
|30
|''Epa''
|handcuffs
|
|
|-
|34
|''Fihankra''
|the circular house
|
|
|-
|35
|''Se die fofoo pe, ne se gyinantwi abo bedie''
|what the yellow-flowered fofoo plant wants is that the gyinantwi seeds should turn black
|A Bono saying. One of the cotton cloth designs bears the same name. The ''fofoo'', the botanical name of which is ''[[Bidens pilosa]]'', has a small yellow flower, which, when it drops its petals, turns into a black spiky seed. Said of a jealous person. According to Ayensu (1978), the ''gyinantwi'' also refers to ''Bidens pilosa''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ayensu|first=Edward S.|year=1978|title=Medicinal plants of West Africa|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Medicinal_Plants_of_West_Africa/JwclAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=gyinantwi&dq=gyinantwi&printsec=frontcover|location=Algonac, Mich.|publisher=Reference Publications|page=101}}</ref>
|
|-
|37
|Funtunfunefu Denkyemfunefu
|Siamese crocodiles
|They share one stomach yet they fight over food
|
|-
|38
|''Gyawu Atiko''
|the back of Gyawu's head
|Gyawu was a sub-chief of Gyaman who at the Adae Kesse ceremony is said to have had his hair shaved in this fashion
|
|-
|39
|''Gye Nyame''
|'Except God' or 'Only God'
|
|
|-
|41
|''Hye wo nhye''
|He who would burn you be not burned
|
|
|-
|44
|Kojo Biaden
|
|
|
|-
|47
|''Papani amma yenhu Kramo''
|The (large number of) people who do good prevents us knowing who really are Mohammedans
|as adherents of Islam are enjoined to do good works in the community, and increasing numbers of non-Muslims are also doing so, we can no longer use that criterion to distinguish those Muslims living amongst us
|
|-
|49
|''Kuntinkantan''
|bent and spread out
|kuntinkantan is used in the sense of 'do not boast, do not be arrogant'
|
|-
|50
|[None Listed]
|
|copied from Europeans
|
|-
|Non listed
|''Kwatakye atiko''
|at the back of Kwatakye's head
|Kwatakye was a war captain of one of the Gyaman kings; at the Adae Kesse ceremony he is said to have cut his hair after this fashion
|
|-
|Non listed
|''Mmrafo ani ase''
|the [[keloid]]s on a Hausa man
|
|
|-
|55
|''Mmra Krado''
|the Hausa man's lock
|
|
|-
|56
|''Musuyidie''
|something to remove evil
|a cloth with this design stamped upon it lay beside the sleeping couch of the King of Gyaman, and every morning when he rose he placed his left foot upon it three times
|
|-
|58
|''Mpuannum''
|five tufts (of hair)
|
|
|-
|62
|''Nkonsonkonson''
|links of a chain
|
|
|-
|63
|''Nkotimsefuopua''
|
|certain attendants on the Queen Mother who dressed their hair in this fashion. Similar to a swastika.
|-
|66
|''Nkyimkyim''
|the twisted pattern
|
|
|-
|68
|''Nsaa''
|
|from a design of this name found on nsa cloths
|
|-
|69
|''Nsirewa''
|cowries
|
|
|-
|70
|''Nsoroma'' / ''Nsoromma''
|a child of the Sky / Child of the Heavens
|referring to the saying: ''Oba Nyankon soroma te Nyame so na onte ne ho so,'' 'Like the star, the child of the Supreme Being, I rest with God and do not depend upon myself.' / the pattern was on the King of Gyaman's pillow
|
|
|-
|71
|''Ma te; Masie''
|I have heard (what you have said); I have hidden it
|this extols the virtue of being able to keep a confidence
|
|-
|Non listed
|''Nyame, biribi wo soro, ma no me ka me nsa''
|O God, everything which is above, permit my hand to touch it
|the pattern was stamped on paper and hung above the lintel of a door in the palace. The King of Gyaman used to touch lintel, then his forehead, then his breast, repeating these words three times
|
|-
|74
|''Nyame dua''
|an altar to the Sky God
|
|
|-
|76
|''Nyame nwu na ma wu''
|May Nyame die before I die
|
|
|-
|Non listed
|''Obi nka obie''
|I offend no one without a cause
|
|
|-
|84
|''Ohene niwa''
|(<span class="ltr">in</span>) the king's little eyes
|To be in the king's favour
|
|-
|85
|''Ohen' tuo''
|the king's gun
|
|
|-
|86
|''Kodie mmowerewa''
|the eagle's talons
|
|
|-
|96
|''[[Sankofa]]''
|turn back and fetch it
|
|
|-
|97
|''Sankofa''
|turn back and fetch it
|
|
|-
|98
|''Sepow''
|a knife thrust through the cheeks of a man
|the man is about to be executed to prevent his invoking of a curse on the king
|
|}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Further reading==
* ''The Adinkra dictionary: A visual primer on the language of Adinkra '' by W. Bruce Willis. {{ISBN|0-9661532-1-9}}
* ''Cloth as Metaphor: (<span class="ltr">re</span>)reading the Adinkra cloth symbols of the Akan of Ghana'' by Dr George F. Kojo Arthur.  Legon, Ghana: Centre for Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 2001. 187 [<span class="ltr">6</span>], p.&nbsp;29&nbsp;cm. {{ISBN|9988-0-0791-4}}
* ''African Accents: Fabrics and Crafts to Decorate Your Home'' by Lisa Shepard. {{ISBN|0-87341-789-5}}
* ''Adinkra Symbols: To say good bye to a dead relative or friend'' by Matthew Bulgin
* ''Adinkra: An Epitome of Asante Philosophy and History'' by Dickson Adome, Erik Appau Asante, Steve Kquofi

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Adinkra}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161221001020/https://afroetic.com/adinkra-symbols/ Adinkra Symbols]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070712140509/http://www.welltempered.net/adinkra/index.htm Adinkra Symbols of West Africa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070821003022/http://altreligion.about.com/library/glossary/symbols/bldefsadinkra.htm Adinkra Symbols] at About.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180516225736/http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/privatecontent/File/Adinkra%20Cultural%20Symbols%20of%20the%20Asante%20People.pdf ADINKRA - Cultural Symbols of the Asante people]
* [http://www.africawithin.com/tour/ghana/adinkra_symbols.htm Adinkra Symbols]
* [http://www.fredsmith.com/adinkra.htm Black Renaissance Man/Adinkra Symbols]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080214145623/http://www.welltempered.net/adinkra/htmls/adinkra_index.htm Adinkra Stamps and their Meanings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100629001428/http://akanart.cfiks.org/ Akan Cultural Symbols Project]
* [http://www.kasahorow.com/en/project/adinkra Adinkra Symbols Library Project]
* [http://carolventura.com/Adinkra.htm Adinkra in Ntonso-Ashanti, Ghana]
* [http://www.africanidad.com/2013/04/historia-wanafrika-mas-simbolos-adinkra_16.html Adrinkra symbols and meanings in Spanish].  Africanidad.com

{{Ashanti topics|expanded}}
{{list of writing systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adinkra Symbols}}
[[Category:Akan language]]
[[Category:Ashanti people]]
[[Category:Ashanti Region]]
[[Category:Ghanaian culture]]
[[Category:Proto-writing]]
[[Category:Symbols]]
[[Category:Textile patterns]]
[[Category:Visual motifs]]
[[Category:Writing systems of Africa]]

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Ashanti Region (edit)
Template:About (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ashanti topics (edit)
Template:Braille (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
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Template:Country topics (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:ISBN (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:If empty (view source) (protected)
Template:List of writing systems (view source) (semi-protected)
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Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
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Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
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Module:About (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
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Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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