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{{short description|Brazilian space command}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name = Aerospace Operations Command
|native_name = {{lang|pt|Comando de Operações Aeroespaciais}}
|image = Comae.png
|image_size = 150px
|caption = Coat of arms
|dates = {{Start date and age|2017}}<ref name="COMAE 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.fab.mil.br/organizacoes/mostra/455/|title=COMAE|access-date=12 July 2021|website=Brazilian Air Force|language=pt}}</ref>
|country = {{flag|Brazil}}
|allegiance =
|command_structure = {{air force|Brazil}}
|branch =
|type = Air and space command
|specialization =
|size =
|garrison = [[Brasília]], [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]]
|commander1_label = Current
|commander1 =
|commander2 =
|commander2_label = Deputy Commander
|commander3_label = Brigade Commanders
|commander3 =
|nickname = COMAE
|motto = {{lang|la|Ascendere Et Delere}} ([[Latin]] for "Ascend and Destroy")
|colors =
|march =
|mascot =
|equipment =
|equipment_label =
|battles =
|notable_commanders =
|anniversaries =
|identification_symbol=
}}

The '''Aerospace Operations Command''' ({{lang-pt|Comando de Operações Aeroespaciais}}, COMAE) is a joint command of the [[Brazilian Armed Forces]] in charge of planning, coordinating and conducting the employment of aerospace assets. Although part of the [[Brazilian Air Force]]'s structure, it includes personnel from the [[Brazilian Army]] and [[Brazilian Navy|Navy]]. COMAE is the central body in the Brazilian Aerospace Defense System ({{lang-pt|Sistema de Defesa Aeroespacial Brasileiro|link=no}}, SISDABRA) and as such, it is directly responsible for the aerospace defense of Brazilian territory and may control Air Force, Army and Navy units.

SISDABRA detects aerial threats through Integrated Air Defense and Air Traffic Control Centers ({{lang-pt|Centros Integrados de Defesa Aérea e Controle de Tráfego Aéreo|link=no}}, [[CINDACTA]]), an infrastructure it shares with the [[Department of Airspace Control]]'s civilian activities. The central body also controls [[Military communications|communications]] and [[command and control]] systems and can then direct active aerospace defenses ([[interceptor aircraft]] and [[air defense]] forces).

Unlike its predecessor, the Brazilian Aerospace Defense Command ({{lang-pt|Comando de Defesa Aeroespacial Brasileiro|link=no}}, COMDABRA), COMAE coordinates missions beyond aerospace defense, such as [[airlift]], [[search and rescue]], [[maritime patrol]] and joint [[Ministry of Defence (Brazil)|Ministry of Defense]] operations. Its role within the Air Force is comparable to the Army's Land Operations Command and the Navy's Naval Operations Command.

== Organization ==
[[File:Ministro Jaques Wagner em visita aos Centros Integrados de Defesa Aérea e Controle do Tráfego Aéreo (Cindacta 1) e Comando de Defesa Aeroespacial Brasileiro (Comdabra). (16579606297).jpg|thumb|Defense Minister [[Jaques Wagner]] visits COMDABRA]]
Created in 2017, COMAE replace COMDABRA,<ref name="rossato">{{Cite web |last=Rossato |first=Nivaldo Luiz |date=2016-12-21 |title=Em artigo, Comandante da Aeronáutica explica as razões das mudanças na FAB |url=https://abimde.org.br/en/noticias/em-artigo-comandante-da-aeronautica-explica-as-razoes-das-mudancas-na-fab/ |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Associação Brasileira das Indústrias de Materiais de Defesa e Segurança}}</ref> whose organization was planned since 1980, as a central body for SISDABRA, and implemented from 1989 onward.<ref name="jasper">{{Cite magazine |last=Jasper |first=Flavio Neri Hadmann |date=January–June 2023 |title=El Sistema de Defensa Aeroespacial Brasileño y la Estrategia de Defensa Nacional |url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/6735/673573184009/673573184009.pdf |magazine=Ciencia y Poder Aéreo |publisher=Escuela de Postgrados de la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana |volume=18 |issue=1}}</ref> The Brazilian Air Force defines SISDABRA as a set of organizations with assets or activities which may be employed to ensure sovereignty in Brazilian airspace.<ref name="jasper" /> It encompasses surveillance (long-range radars), telecommunications, command and control and active and passive aerospace defense systems from all three branches of the Armed Forces and even from public administration. These elements may be permanent or occasional links in the system.<ref name="gonçalves">{{Cite thesis |last=Gonçalves |first=Laura Castro |year=2019 |title=A defesa antiaérea e a segurança do Brasil |url=https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/224828/001127419.pdf?sequence=1 |type=Paper |institution=Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}}. p. 58-59.</ref> The central body exercises "operational control" over the links, which is a more limited authority than "operational command".<ref name="gomes">{{Cite thesis |last=Gomes |first=Artur Varella |year=2011 |title=A integração de sistemas de detecção do SISDABRA a MB, em proveito da defesa das plataformas de exploração e explotação de petróleo |url=https://www.redebim.dphdm.mar.mil.br/vinculos/000006/000006c9.pdf |type=Monograph |institution=Escola de Guerra Naval}}. p. 30, 37-40.</ref> For instance, the central body has no logistical responsibility over the forces it employs, but dictates technical norms to ensure their interoperability.<ref name="lins">{{Cite thesis |last=Lins |first=Leonardo José |year=2018 |title=O planejamento conjunto e interoperabilidade das tropas de operações especiais das Forças Singulares |url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3748/1/MO%205921%20-%20LEONARDO.pdf |institution=Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército |type=Paper}}. p. 41.</ref>

COMDABRA was subordinated to the General Air Operations Command ({{lang-pt|Comando-Geral de Operações Aéreas|link=no}}, COMGAR) and composed of Air Force, Navy and Army personnel;<ref name="jasper" /> the Ministry of Defense's 2011 Joint Operations Doctrine therefore defined COMDABRA and the Cybernetic Defense Command ({{lang-pt|Comando de Defesa Cibernética|link=no}}, COMDCIBER) as the only permanently active joint commands.<ref name="resende">{{Cite thesis |last=Resende Júnior |first=Márcio Nunes de |year=2021 |title=Comando Conjunto de Operações Especiais: uma Proposta |url=https://repositorio.esg.br/bitstream/123456789/1447/1/CAEPE.58%20MarcioResendeJr.pdf |institution=Escola Superior de Guerra |type=Monograph}}. p. 16.</ref> Other joint commands may be activated in moments of crisis.<ref name="resende" /> The permanent status of aerospace defense owes itself to the very short reaction time needed to resist aerial threats.<ref name="lins" />

The Air Force's 2017 reorganization disbanded COMGAR and replaced COMDABRA with COMAE, which is subordinated to the Air Force's commander. COMAE remained as a joint command and SISDABRA's central body,<ref name="jasper" /> and is therefore directly responsible for the aerospace defense of Brazilian territory.<ref name="gonçalves" /> But its field of activities was enlarged to cover all Air Force missions and not just aerospace defense. Its mission is officially defined as the "planning, coordination and conduction of the employment of National Aerospace Power".<ref name="souza">{{Cite web |last=Souza |first=José Alexandre Ferreira da |date=2023-05-17 |title=A coordenação da Operação de Apoio ao Povo Yanomami pelo Comando de Operações Aeroespaciais: geração de sinergia no emprego conjunto das Forças Armadas |url=https://eblog.eb.mil.br/index.php/menu-easyblog/a-coordenacao-da-operacao-de-apoio-ao-povo-yanomami-pelo-comando-de-operacoes-aeroespaciais-geracao-de-sinergia-no-emprego-conjunto-das-forcas-armadas.html |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Blog do Exército Brasileiro}}</ref><ref name="rossato" /> As the Air Force's employment command, it is comparable to the Army's Land Operations Command and the Navy's Naval Operations Command.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Oliveira, Rafael Tavares de |author2= |date=October 2023 |title=O comando e controle e sua prática por militares: um estudo baseado em operações de ajuda humanitária |url=https://abepro.org.br/biblioteca/TN_WPG_400_1968_46008.pdf |magazine=XLIII Encontro Nacional de Engenharia de Produção}}. p. 5.</ref>

COMAE is headed by a ''tenente-brigadeiro'' (four-star Air Force general) and composed of a Cabinet, Command Support Sections and a Joint General Staff. The latter, commanded by a ''major-brigadeiro'' (three-star Air Force general), is composed of a Joint Aerospace Operations Center ({{lang-pt|Centro Conjunto de Operações Aeroespaciais|link=no}}, CCOA), a Space Operations Center ({{lang-pt|Centro de Operações Espaciais|link=no}}, COPE), a Joint Operational Intelligence Center ({{lang-pt|Centro Conjunto Operacional de Inteligência|link=no}}, CCOI) and an Institutional Planning, Budget and Management Center ({{lang-pt|Centro de Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão Institucionais|link=no}}, CPOGI). As of 2023, 24 Army officers and sergeants served in this structure, including a brigade general in command of the CCOI.<ref name="souza" />

== Assets ==
=== Infrastructure ===
[[File:Morro da Igreja.JPG|thumb|Morro da Igreja DTCEA in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]]]
The Air Force's four CINDACTAs are among SISDABRA's key permanent links.<ref name="gonçalves" /> Their radar coverage and command and control assets inform the CCOA of the situation in their respective airspaces, allowing COMAE to permanently track all aerial movements within Brazilian airspace.<ref name="sperduto">{{Cite thesis |last=Sperduto |first=Hugo Marques |year=2019 |title=A necessidade de uma Bateria de Artilharia Antiaérea junto à 7ª Brigada de Infantaria Mecanizada para a defesa antiaérea da Região Nordeste |url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6944/1/2019_TCC_Ten%20Sperduto.pdf |type=Paper |institution=Escola de Artilharia de Costa e Antiaérea}}. p. 22-25, 31-32.</ref><ref name="gomes" />

This infrastructure is double-purpose,<ref name="sperduto" /> as it is shared with the Brazilian Airspace Control System ({{lang-pt|Sistema de Controle do Espaço Aéreo Brasileiro|link=no}}, SISCEAB), whose main body is the Department of Airspace Control. The same personnel and budget serve military and civilian purposes. This Brazilian peculiarity was inherited from the pre-1999 Ministry of the Air Force, which centralized military and civilian air traffic control activities which developed separately in other countries.<ref name="jasper" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jasper |first=Flavio Neri Hadmann |title=Culture and Defence in Brazil: An Inside Look at Brazil's Aerospace Strategies |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |editor=Ricco, Maria Filomena Fontes |chapter=The Brazilian model of air space control}}. [https://books.google.com.br/books?hl=pt-BR&lr=&id=tiolDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA71 p. 71].</ref>

Integrating warship radars to SISDABRA was still a hypothesis when the topic was examined by a Naval War School ({{lang-pt|Escola de Guerra Naval|link=no}}) monograph in 2010.<ref name="pinheiro">{{Cite thesis |last=Pinheiro |first=Luís Cláudio da Fonseca Bragança |year=2010 |title=A Defesa Aeroespacial das Plataformas de Exploração/Explotação de Petróleo no Mar: uma proposta |url=https://www.redebim.dphdm.mar.mil.br/vinculos/000007/00000746.pdf |type=Monograph |institution=Escola de Guerra Naval}}. p. 63.</ref> On the other hand, the [[Saber Radar|SABER]] anti-aircraft artillery radars were developed from the very beginning with a possible integration to SISDABRA in mind.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Bezerra |first=Marcus Emanuel Azevedo |year=2019 |title=O projeto Radar SABER e as capacidades da indústria brasileira para seu desenvolvimento |url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5701/1/MO%206098%20-%20EMANUEL.pdf |type=Monograph |institution=Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército}}. p. 29.</ref>

[[File:23062020 Cerimônia de Inauguração do Centro de Operações Espaciais Principal (COPE-P).jpg|thumb|Centro de Operações Espaciais Principal (COPE-P) in Brasília|left]]
SISDABRA, SISCEAB, SisGAAz (Blue Amazon Management System, {{lang-pt|Sistema de Gerenciamento da Amazônia Azul|link=no}}) and SISFRON (Integrated Border Management System, {{lang-pt|Sistema Integrado de Monitoramento de Fronteiras|link=no}}) are the Armed Forces' major surveillance and control systems.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Brasil |url=https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt-br/assuntos/copy_of_estado-e-defesa/livro_branco_congresso_nacional.pdf |title=Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional |publisher=Ministério da Defesa |year=2020 |location=Brasília}}. p. 49-50.</ref> A hypothetical integration between SISDABRA, SisGAAz (which is organized by the Navy) and SISFRON (organized by the Army) is discussed since the 2012 National Defense White Paper.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Silva |first=Marcílio Muniz da |year=2016 |title=O Contrabando e o tráfico na fronteira Centro-Oeste do Brasil: ações das Forças Armadas no seu combate e desenvolvimentos futuros |url=https://comum.rcaap.pt/bitstream/10400.26/17388/1/TII%20Muniz%20da%20Silva%20-%2022ABR%202016.pdf |institution=Instituto Universitário Militar}} p. 14, 32.</ref>

After COMAE's creation, it was charged with managing Brazilian military [[Communications satellite|communication satellites]] and future low orbit [[Satellite constellation|satellite constellations]].<ref name="comitê">{{Cite web |author=Força Aérea Brasileira |date=2017-01-16 |title=FAB ativa o Comitê de Implantação do Comando de Operações Aeroespaciais |url=https://www.defesaaereanaval.com.br/aviacao/fab-ativa-o-comite-de-implantacao-do-comando-de-operacoes-aeroespaciais |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Defesa Aérea & Naval}}</ref> Two Space Operations Centers (COPEs) are part of its structure: the main center (COPE-P) in Brasília and the secondary center (COPE-S) in [[Rio de Janeiro]], both of which form the land component of the Satellite Military Communications System ({{lang-pt|Sistema de Comunicações Militares por Satélite|link=no}}, SISCOMIS) and operate the [[Geostationary Satellite for Defense and Strategic Communications]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-20 |title=Riscos de acesso desautorizado a sistemas militares é alvo de nova norma |url=https://www.sociedademilitar.com.br/2023/03/defesa-nacional-riscos-de-acesso-desautorizado-a-sistemas-militares-e-alvo-de-nova-norma.html |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=Revista Sociedade Militar}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-24 |title=Centro de Operações Espaciais é inaugurado em Brasília |url=https://radios.ebc.com.br/reporter-nacional/2020/06/foi-inaugurado-em-brasilia-o-centro-de-operacoes-espaciais |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=Rádio EBC}}</ref>

=== Aircraft ===
[[File:Dia_da_Aviação_de_Caça_(8676752376).jpg|alt=|thumb|FAB Mirage 2000 and F-5 in 2014]]The Air Force's air defense and [[airborne early warning and control]] units are permanent links in SISDABRA.<ref name="gomes" /> Interceptor aircraft in air defense units are active aerospace defense assets.<ref name="gonçalves" /> Even before COMDABRA's founding, this role was covered by [[Mirage III]] fighters,<ref name="jasper" /> the first supersonic aircraft in the region. Shortly afterwards, they were complemented by [[Northrop F-5|F-5]] fighters. After the Mirage III's deactivation, the Air Force leased the [[Mirage 2000]] until its FX-2 Project defined the F-5's successor, which was the [[Gripen NG]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite thesis |last=Gilberto |first=Helmer Barbosa |year=2019 |title=O reaparelhamento da Força Aérea Brasileira e o futuro das relações entre os países da América do Sul |url=https://www.repositorio.mar.mil.br/bitstream/ripcmb/844578/1/HELMER.pdf |type=Thesis |institution=Escola de Guerra Naval}}. p. 60-61.</ref>

Once COMAE replaced COMDABRA, it took over activities previously conducted by COMGAR and the four numbered "Air Forces". Therefore, its missions include airlift, search and rescue, maritime patrols and joint Ministry of Defense Operations.<ref name="comitê" /> For example, it is COMAE which offers aircraft when requested for search and rescue missions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fan |first=Ricardo |date=2022-04-18 |title=Saiba como funciona o Sistema de Busca e Salvamento Aeronáutico da FAB |url=https://www.defesanet.com.br/aviacao/noticia/44273/saiba-como-funciona-o-sistema-de-busca-e-salvamento-aeronautico-da-fab/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=DefesaNet}}</ref> In 2023 COMAE formed the Component Air Force within the federal government's response to the [[Yanomami humanitarian crisis]].<ref name="souza" />

[[Brazilian Naval Aviation|Naval Aviation]] may be an occasional link in SISDABRA. The Navy's 2004 Basic Doctrine envisioned the possibility of an "Aerospace Defense Naval Force" to destroy [[Aircraft carrier|aircraft carriers]] and enemy aircraft in their bases. What it had in mind was the [[NAe São Paulo|''São Paulo'']] aircraft carrier and its air wing.<ref name="gomes" /> Aerial operations in this carrier were brief, but even after its decomissioning, the [[1st Interceptor and Strike Fighter Squadron (Brazil)|1st Interceptor and Strike Fighter Squadron]], created for carrier operations, remained active. As of 2020, participating in the Brazilian air defense system was still one of the squadron's ambitions and it was increasing its [[air-to-air combat]] training.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Leite |first=Humberto |date=2020 |title=Clássicos e modernos |url=https://www.edrotacultural.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/revista-asas-105-download.pdf |access-date=2023-01-22 |magazine=Revista Asas |issue=Edição especial (105): Força Aeronaval da Marinha do Brasil}}. p. 68, 70.</ref>

=== Anti-aircraft artillery ===
[[File:Ministro Jaques Wagner assiste exercício de artilharia antiaérea do Exército (20161935140).jpg|thumb|Army anti-aircraft artillery exercise|left]]
Anti-aircraft defense is another aspect of active aerospace defense. The Air Force infantry's 1st Anti-Aircraft Defense Brigade<ref name="infantaria">{{Cite magazine |date=December 2021 |title=Defesa Aeroespacial |url=https://issuu.com/portalfab/docs/revista_infantaria |magazine=Revista da Infantaria, Edição Especial - 80 anos da Infantaria da Aeronáutica |publisher=COMPREP}}. p. 23-24.</ref> and the Army's Anti-Aircraft Defense Command are permanent links within SISDABRA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Histórico |url=https://cmdodaaeex.eb.mil.br/index.php/historico |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=Comando de Defesa Antiaérea do Exército}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Lima |first=Paulo Davi de Barros |date=2021 |title=Combate anti SARP: o emprego da Artilharia Antiaérea alocada ao SISDABRA |url=https://ebrevistas.eb.mil.br/IA/article/view/9213/7899 |magazine=Informativo antiaéreo: publicação cientifica |volume=13 |issue=13}}. p. 57-58.</ref> The Navy's anti-aircraft defense may participate as an occasional link, either through ships used in local anti-aircraft defense or through the [[Brazilian Marine Corps]]' Aerotactical Control and Anti-Aircraft Defense Battalion.<ref name="gomes" /> In any case, the Army, Air Force and marines exclusively employ short-range air defense systems, and medium range/medium altitude defenses are a gap in their capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moralez |first=João Paulo |date=2021-01-01 |title=Brasil avança na obtenção da defesa antiaérea de média altura |url=https://tecnodefesa.com.br/brasil-avanca-na-obtencao-de-sistema-de-defesa-antiaerea-de-media-altura/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Tecnologia & Defesa}}</ref> The Ministry of Defense has an ongoing project to acquire anti-aircraft missiles of this kind for all three branches of the Armed Forces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-18 |title=Exército é designado como força líder para aquisição de "escudo anti-mísseis", um sistema de artilharia de médio alcance para as três Forças Armadas |url=https://www.sociedademilitar.com.br/2021/06/exercito-e-designado-como-forca-lider-para-aquisicao-de-sistema-de-artilharia-de-medio-alcance-para-as-tres-forcas-armadas.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Revista Sociedade Militar}}</ref>

The relationship between aerospace defenses in multiple branches can be demonstrated by COMAE's 2019 Anti-aircraft Shield Exercise. Air Force and Navy aircraft simulated and aerial attack, which was detected by the usual surveillance systems aswell as ship radars from the [[Brazilian aircraft carrier Atlântico|''Atlântico'' helicopter carrier]] and ''Liberal'' frigate. Army and Air Force anti-aircraft defenses simulated their reaction as part of SISDABRA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-30 |title=FAB treina Defesa Antiaérea em Exercício Conjunto com Marinha e Exército |url=https://www.fab.mil.br/noticias/imprime/34878/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=Força Aérea Brasileira}}</ref>

==Brazilian aerospace assets==
{{See also| Brazilian Space Agency}}
The Brazilian Armed Forces and other federal agencies possesses several major aerospace military and scientific assets:
[[File:23062020 Cerimônia de Inauguração do Centro de Operações Espaciais Principal (COPE-P).jpg|thumb|right|''Space Operations Center'' in Brasília]]

===Satellites===
*Earth observation and reconnaissance:
**[[China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite program|CBERS]] - 2 in operation, 3 retired<ref name="INPE">[http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en_noticias/index.php?cod=not82 The Launch of CBERS-2B] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160643/http://www.cbers.inpe.br/en_noticias/index.php?cod=not82 |date=July 6, 2011 }} National Institute for Space Research. Retrieved on 2011-01-17.</ref>
**[[Satélite de Coleta de Dados|SCD]] - 2 in operation<ref name="SCD">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/brazil/scd.htm Satélite de Coleta de Dados - SCD] GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved on 2011-01-17.</ref>
**[[GEOMET]] - 1 planned<ref name="GEOMET">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt-br/arquivos/ensino_e_pesquisa/defesa_academia/cadn/artigos/xvi_cadn/oa_usoa_militara_dea_sistemasa_espaciaisa_-aplicacoesa_doa_satelitea_geoestacionarioa_dea_defesaa_-ea_comunicacoesa_estrategicasa_sgdca_atual.pdf |title=O Uso Militar de Sistemas Espaciais |website=[[Brazilian Air Force]] |language=pt}}</ref>
*Military communications and multi-mission platform:
**[[SGDC-1|SGDC]] - 1 in operation, more 1 planned<ref>{{cite web |last=Henry |first=Caleb |url=https://spacenews.com/brazil-to-order-second-dual-civil-military-communications-satellite/ |title=Brazil to order second dual civil-military communications satellite |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=April 10, 2019 |accessdate=September 17, 2019}}</ref>
**[[Amazônia-1|Amazônia]] - 1 in operation, more 2 planned<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.obt.inpe.br/OBT/noticias/definido-o-lancamento-do-satelite-brasileiro-amazonia-1|title=Definido o lançamento do satélite brasileiro Amazonia-1 — Coordenação-Geral de Observação da Terra|website=obt.inpe.br|access-date=2018-12-16|archive-date=2018-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074909/http://www.obt.inpe.br/OBT/noticias/definido-o-lancamento-do-satelite-brasileiro-amazonia-1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Lessonia Project|Lessonia]] - 2 in operation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensa.com/brasil/brasil-lanza-dos-primeros-satelites-proyecto-lessonia-uso-civil|title=Brasil lanza los dos primeros satélites del Proyecto Lessonia de uso militar y civil|website=Defensa.com|date=24 May 2022}}</ref>
**[[SABIA-Mar]] - 2 planned<ref name=conaeesp-pr20160410>{{cite web|url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/component/rsevents/event/45-revision-preliminar-de-diseno-pdr-proyecto-sabia-mar|title=Revisión Preliminar de Diseño (PDR) Proyecto SABIA-Mar|trans-title=SABIA-Mar passes Preliminary Design Review (PDR)|date=April 2016|publisher=[[CONAE]]|language=Spanish|access-date=2016-08-22|archive-date=2016-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826200210/http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/component/rsevents/event/45-revision-preliminar-de-diseno-pdr-proyecto-sabia-mar|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Remote sensing:
**[[Carponis]] - 1 planned<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fab.mil.br/noticias/mostra/32549/ESPA%C3%87O%20-%20FAB%20realiza%20primeira%20reuni%C3%A3o%20do%20Grupo%20de%20Trabalho%20sobre%20o%20Projeto%20Carponis-1|title=FAB realiza primeira reunião do Grupo de Trabalho sobre o Projeto Carponis-1|date=7 August 2018|publisher=FAB}}</ref>
*Space weather:
**[[LATTES-1|LATTES]] - 1 planned<ref name="GEOMET"/>

===Orbital and sub-orbital launchers===
*Orbital launchers:
**[[VLM (rocket)|VLM-1]]
**[[VLM (rocket)|VLM S-50]]
*Sub-orbital launchers:
**[[VSB-30]]
*Hypersonic sub-orbital vehicle
**[[14-X]]

===Telescopes===
*Radio telescope:
**[[BINGO (telescope)|Baryon Acoustic Oscillations in Neutral Gas Observations]] (BINGO)

===Launching facilities===
*Spaceport:
**[[Alcântara Space Center]]
*Rocket base:
**[[Barreira do Inferno Launch Center]]

===Air, space and border control===
*Space control centers:
**[[Space Operations Center (Brazil)|Space Operations Center]] (COPE)
**[[Secondary Space Operations Center]] (COPE-S)<ref>{{cite news |title=Centro de Operações de satélite será inaugurado no Rio|url=https://psd.org.br/noticia/centro-de-operacoes-de-satelite-sera-inaugurado-no-rio/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=1dd9f59badd44855260212b71ebf506f34520780-1626176423-0-AW96Dy500r8Br0TH2ZHkYU59qbhVGF8yMt4BTrY9KTKkfaOvDCl294HKxys8KJmscvVhKtoHrcMjHij0To3f0d_nKIVjIvFmmp1awJqAPYVa2ROwPKAYTHa3MIw8ti_lp7KVUINzRyJ4P3DETKxXZ5ufcyqefI6hgo1UvCvjAjts26X5VAAjS_uN6cYfea8hHsaUnCqHsMcP2ybPT5orGJhmm5eFz2u95xoWYhv-nk7cjbpd8HDspY50o0laVWPCKrkpvXA1DeA2SFiV15O-luerC4DG-ML5dhbYgxagAnhCmYSFxcKvYpeCpPc7dZ9gFbzy-yG1swG9jy4nIBwrZZVjsbrgPHvmf5dEO62l4V1br_B0OjEE681aa9a0ukqq2RgqQwGy_uJUwqamWnqUYLXCnMtgdiNQIwmfOCESLpv8GdCm6JeyOSJhOZ6xZvM9D-UrUweLNSg-Pz1KsNXFpPYmrQtJQg7ojaJ-KBohJ9RG|website=PSD|date=14 November 2018|language=pt}}</ref>
**[[Satellite Tracking and Control Center]] (CRC)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inpe.br/crc/ |title=INPE CRC |website=INPE |language=pt}}</ref>
*Airspace defense control centers:
**[[CINDACTA|Integrated Air Traffic Control and Air Defense Center]] (CINDACTA)
*Datalink:
**[[Link-BR2]]
*Territorial and border control:
**[[SISFRON]] system<ref name="SISFRON">{{cite web |url=http://www.epex.eb.mil.br/index.php/sisfron |title=SISFRON |website=[[Brazilian Army]] |language=pt}}</ref>
**[[SisGAAz]] system<ref>{{cite news |title=SisGAAz: Proteção e Monitoramento das Águas Jurisdicionais Brasileiras|url=https://www.marinha.mil.br/sisgaaz-protecao-e-monitoramento-das-aguas-jurisdicionais-brasileiras|website=Brazilian Navy|language=pt}}</ref>

==International cooperation==
===Artemis program===
The country and its federal agencies are part of the NASA's [[Artemis Program]] and signatory to the [[Artemis Accords]].<ref name="Artemis Brazil">{{Cite web|title=Brazil Signs Artemis Accords|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/brazil-signs-artemis-accords|date=15 June 2021|website=NASA.gov}}</ref> Also several companies are based in Alcântara, with the objective of orbital and sub-orbital launches, for commercial purposes or in partnership with the Brazilian government.<ref name="Plan 1">{{cite news |title=AS PRIMEIRAS EMPRESAS A FIRMAREM CONTRATO COM A BASE DE ALCÂNTARA|url=https://epoca.globo.com/guilherme-amado/as-primeiras-empresas-firmarem-contrato-com-base-de-alcantara-24992655 |website=Época |date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Plan 2">{{cite news |title=Governo seleciona quatro empresas para lançamento de satélites na base de Alcântara|url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/breves/alcantara-lancamento-satelites-parcerias-empresas |website=Gazeta do Povo|date=28 April 2021}}</ref>

===Satellite constellation===
The Brazilian Space Agency signed cooperation agreements with space agencies of [[BRICS]] (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), to the joint-development of a remote sensing satellite constellation,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Acordo para Constelação de Satélites do BRICS é assinado|url=https://www.gov.br/aeb/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/acordo-para-constelacao-de-satelites-do-brics-e-assinado-4|date=18 August 2021|website=gov.br/aeb}}</ref> aiming to help with common challenges for the mankind such as the climate change, major disasters and environmental protection. Ground stations located in Cuiabá in Brazil, Moscow Region in Russia, Shadnagar–Hyderabad in India, Sanya in China and Hartebeesthoek in South Africa will receive data from the satellite constellation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BRICS space agencies in deal to share remote sensing satellite data|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-08/18/c_1310134918.htm|date=18 August 2021|website=XINHUANET}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Brazil}}
* [[Brazilian Space Agency]]

==External links==
* [https://fab.mil.br/index.php Brazilian Air Force]
* [http://www.defesa.gov.br Brazilian Ministry of Defense]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Commands of the Brazilian Armed Forces]]
[[Category:Joint military units and formations]]
[[Category:Military air traffic control]]
[[Category:Space units and formations]]
[[Category:Brazilian Air Force]]

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