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The '''Alcazar of Segovia''' is a medieval [[castle]] located in the city of [[Segovia]], in [[Castile and León]], [[Spain]]. It has existed sinceatleast the 12th century, and is oneofthe most renowned medieval [[castle]]s globally and one of the most visited landmarks in Spain. It has been the backdrop for significant historical events and has been home to twenty-two kings, along with notable historical figures. |
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The fortress stands on a rocky crag at the western end of Segovia's Old City, which was declared a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 1985,<ref name="Archivo General Militar de Segovia" /> above the confluence of rivers [[Eresma River|Eresma]] and Clamores. Today, it is used as a museum and a military archives building since its declaration as a National Archive by a Royal Decree in 1998.<ref name="Archivo General Militar de Segovia" /> It has also worked at times as a state prison, a Royal Artillery College, and a military academy.<ref name="Archivo General Militar de Segovia" /> |
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The Alcazar served both as a royal palace and a fortress for the [[Castile and León|Castilian monarchs]], and its architecture reflects the grandeur and is a notable example of "power architecture": the impenetrable walls, the deep moat, its impressive towers like the Homage or Juan II's, and the strategic location symbolise power and authority. Furthermore, the luxury and opulence of its interior, with lavishly decorated rooms and coffered ceilings, were designed to awe and subdue visitors, reinforcing the authority of the Kings of Castile. Similarly, the legends and rumours surrounding the Alcazar of Segovia have played a significant role in its history. |
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Despite its stern and fortified appearance, the Alcazar of Segovia has also been a place of daily life. Many princes, nobles, and infants have grown up within its halls, and their presence has helped soften the palace's appearance, making the castle a home for many. |
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Its history begins in the 12th or early 13th century when the royal family of Castile had quarters in the Alcazar, known as the "major palace". In the Homage tower, the treasure of the [[Crown of Castile]] was stored, from which funds were secured to finance [[Christopher Columbus|Christopher Columbus's]] first voyage. In 1437, the books of the royal administration were moved to the Alcazar, establishing one of the first royal archives of Castile and laying one of the foundations for the current [[Archivo General de Simancas|General Archive of Simancas]]. Additionally, the Alcazar housed the royal armory, which served as the basis for the one now exhibited in the [[Royal Armoury of Madrid|Royal Armory of Madrid]]. |
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The Alcazar has been the stage for crucial events in Spain's history, such as the [[Cortes of Castile]], held there on multiple occasions; the signing of the Concord of Segovia, which laid the groundwork for the formation of the Spanish nation, took place there; [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabel the Catholic]], one of the most significant and influential women in history, left the Alcazar to proclaim herself queen of Castile. It was also the site of the last meeting between Christopher Columbus and King [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand the Catholic]] before the explorer's death. The marriage of Philip II to Ana of Austria strengthened the alliance between the House of Habsburg and the Hispanic Monarchy. As the headquarters of the royal college of artillery, in the 18th century, the first military flight for military purposes was carried out, marking the beginning of military aviation, and the chemist Louis Proust, a professor at the Royal College, formulated the [[Law of definite proportions|Law of Definite Proportions]], a fundamental advance in modern chemistry. |
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The Alcazar of Segovia has made its mark on cinema and popular culture. It was used by [[Orson Welles]] in the film "Chimes at Midnight" and served as inspiration for [[Cinderella Castle|Cinderella castle]] in the [[Walt Disney]] movie. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:Fotografía Nocturna Alcázar de Segovia.jpg|left|thumb|Tower of John II of Castile]] |
[[File:Fotografía Nocturna Alcázar de Segovia.jpg|left|thumb|Tower of John II of Castile]] |
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[[File:Alcázar of Segovia, 1838.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Painting of the Alcázar of Segovia, circa 1838 by [[David Roberts (painter)|David Roberts]]]] |
[[File:Alcázar of Segovia, 1838.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Painting of the Alcázar of Segovia, circa 1838 by [[David Roberts (painter)|David Roberts]]]] |
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The Alcázar of Segovia, like many fortifications in Spain, started off as a Roman [[Castra|''castrum'']], |
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⚫ | The Alcázar of Segovia, like many fortifications in Spain, started off as a Roman [[Castra|''castrum'']],<ref name="Archivo General Militar de Segovia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140514235740/http://www.portalcultura.mde.es/cultural/archivos/castillaLeon/archivo_150.html Archivo General Militar de Segovia] (in Spanish): ''El Alcázar fue erigido como fortaleza hispano-árabe sobre las ruinas de un castro romano de los varios que defendían la ciudad.''</ref> but apart from the foundations, little of the original structure remains.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcazardesegovia.com/|title=Alcázar de Segovia - Fortaleza de los Reyes de Castilla|website=Alcázar de Segovia|accessdate=14 April 2023}}</ref> The alcázar was built by the [[Berbers|Berber]] [[Almoravid dynasty]]. Almoravid art and architecture is scarcely talked about in scholarship in part because so little of the physical work has survived in Spain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosser-Owen |first=Mariam |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/430838832 |title=Islamic arts from Spain |date=2010 |publisher=V & A Pub. |isbn=978-1-85177-598-9 |location=London |oclc=430838832 |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523135414/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/430838832 |url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, the Almoravid dynasty was short-lived and therefore much of the art and architecture of that period was subsequently destroyed or converted by their successors. |
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The first reference to this castle was in 1120, around 32 years after the city of Segovia was conquered by the [[Christians]] (during the [[Reconquista]] when [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile| |
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⚫ | The first reference to this castle was in 1120, around 32 years after the city of Segovia was conquered by the [[Christians]] (during the [[Reconquista]] when King [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI]] reconquered lands to the south of the [[Duero river]], down to [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] and beyond).<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> In 1258, during the reign of King [[Alfonso X of Castile]] (r. 1252–1284), an intense thunderstorm caused a fire that destroyed several rooms, leading to centuries-long reconstruction during the reigns of various kings.<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> |
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⚫ | It is not known what the shape and form of the Alcázar was before the reign of King [[Alfonso VIII of Castile|Alfonso VIII]] (1155–1214), however early documentation mentioned a wooden stockade fence.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} It can be concluded{{By whom|date=July 2021}} that prior to Alfonso VIII's reign, the Muslim era structure was no more than a wooden fort built over the old Roman foundations. Alfonso VIII and his wife, [[Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile|Eleanor of England]] (sister of [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]]), made this alcázar their principal residence and much work was carried out to erect the beginnings of the stone fortification we see today.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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The Alcázar of Segovia was one of the |
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⚫ | The Alcázar of Segovia was one of the favourite royal residences starting in the 13th century that in turn, led to [[Secularity|secular]] patronage to the city of Segovia.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Fernández-Armesto |first1=Felipe |title=Segovia |date=2003 |url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/documentid/oao-9781884446054-e-7000077398 |work=Oxford Art Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t077398 |access-date=17 April 2022 |last2=Brindle |first2=Stephen}}</ref> It was during this period that most of the current building was constructed by the [[House of Trastámara]].<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> |
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In 1258, parts of the Alcázar had to be rebuilt by [[Alfonso X of Castile|King Alfonso X]] after a cave-in and the Hall of Kings was built to house Parliament soon after.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} However, the single largest contributor to the continuing construction of the Alcázar is [[John II of Castile|King John II]] who built the "New Tower" (John II tower as it is known today).{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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In |
In1258, parts of the Alcázar had to be rebuilt by King [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]] after a cave-in and the HallofKings was built to house Parliament soon after.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} However, the single largest contributor to the continuing construction of the Alcázar was King [[John II of Castile]] who built the "New Tower" (John II tower as it is known today).{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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In 1474, the Alcázar played a major role in the rise of Queen [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella I]]. On 12 December news of King [[Henry IV of Castile|Henry IV]]'s death in [[Madrid]] reached Segovia and Isabella immediately took refuge within the walls of the Alcázar where she received the support of Andres Cabrera and Segovia's council.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} She was enthroned the next day as Queen of Castile and León. |
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The next major renovation at the Alcázar was conducted by [[Philip II of Spain| |
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⚫ | The next major renovation at the Alcázar was conducted by King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] after his marriage to [[Anna of Austria (1549–1580)|Anna of Austria]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} He added the sharp slate spires to reflect the castles of central Europe.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} In 1587, architect [[Francisco de Mora]] completed the main garden and the School of Honor areas of the castle.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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During his visit to Spain known as the "[[Spanish match]]", [[Charles I of England| |
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⚫ | During his visit to Spain known as the "[[Spanish match]]", Prince [[Charles I of England|Charles]] of England visited the Alcázar in 1623, after dining at [[Palace of Valsain|Valsain]].<ref>Henry Ettinghausen, 'Greatest News Story', in Alexander Samson, ''The Spanish Match: Prince Charles's Journey to Madrid, 1623'' (Ashgate, 2006), p. 86.</ref> He was entertained by [[Luis Jerónimo de Cabrera, 4th Count of Chinchón]], who was then keeper of the Alcázar. Prince Charles was shown the Galley Room or "second great hall" with the heraldry of [[Catherine of Lancaster]]. In the evening there was a torchlit masque involving 32 mounted knights. Prince Charles gave the Count of Chinchón a jewel and rewarded the poet Don Juan de Torres for his verses. He left early in the morning for [[Santa María la Real de Nieva]].<ref>John Nichols, ''Progresses of James the First'', vol. 4 (London, 1828), pp. 915-18, quoting ''The Joyfull Returne of Charles, Prince of Great Brittaine'' (London, 1623).</ref> |
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The restoration of the |
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⚫ | The restoration of the Royal College of Artillery was among the many reforms conducted under the reign of King [[Charles III of Spain]] (r. 1759–1788). He appointed [[Count Félix Gazzola]] as the director of the artillery corps, who made the executive decision to install the academy in the Segovian fortress in the Alcázar. At its opening in 1764, the military college stood as a symbol of the city's new age of progress in political and military education.<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> |
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On 6 March 1862, another fire occurred at the castle, destroying the sumptuous ceilings of the private rooms that were reserved exclusively for the nobility. As demonstrated in the engravings by [[José María Avrial]] and Flores in 1839, the structures were restored to their previous appearances.<ref name=" |
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[[File:Avrial-Alcazar.jpg|thumb|[[Etching]] of the |
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It was only in 1882 that the damaged roofs of the building were slowly restored to their original state, thanks to the existence of engravings made by [[José María Avrial]] in 1839.<ref name=":0">Manuel Ossorio y Bernard: [http://www.bibliotecavirtualdeandalucia.es/catalogo/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.cmd?path=1001005&interno=S&presentacion=pagina&posicion=64 ''Biographical gallery of 19th century Spanish artists''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230239/http://www.bibliotecavirtualdeandalucia.es/catalogo/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.cmd?path=1001005&interno=S&presentacion=pagina&posicion=64 |date=30 December 2017 }}, Ramón Moreno press, Madrid, 1868.</ref> In 1896, [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|King Alfonso XIII]] ordered the Alcázar to be handed over to the Ministry of War as a military college.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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⚫ | On 6 March 1862, another fire occurred at the castle, destroying the sumptuous ceilings of the private rooms that were reserved exclusively for the nobility. As demonstrated in the engravings by [[José María Avrial]] and Flores in 1839, the structures were restored to their previous appearances.<ref name="Manuel Ossorio y Bernard">Manuel Ossorio y Bernard: [http://www.bibliotecavirtualdeandalucia.es/catalogo/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.cmd?path=1001005&interno=S&presentacion=pagina&posicion=64 ''Biographical gallery of 19th century Spanish artists''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230239/http://www.bibliotecavirtualdeandalucia.es/catalogo/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.cmd?path=1001005&interno=S&presentacion=pagina&posicion=64|date=30 December 2017}}, Ramón Moreno press, Madrid, 1868.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chao Castro |first=David |date=2005 |title=Iconografía regia en la Castilla de los Trástamara |url=https://minerva.usc.es/xmlui/handle/10347/9521 |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301164458/https://minerva.usc.es/xmlui/handle/10347/9521 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Rincón-2006">{{Cite journal |last=Rincón |first=David Nogales |date=2006 |title=Las series iconográficas de la realeza castellano-leonesa (siglos XII-XV) |url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ELEM/article/view/ELEM0606220081A |journal=En la España Medieval |language=es |pages=81–112 |issn=1988-2971 |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504232106/https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ELEM/article/view/ELEM0606220081A |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The Board of Trustees of the Alcázar of Segovia was created by the Decree of the Presidency of the Government, on 18 January 1951. The purpose of this was to ensure cultural, artistic, and historical preservation of the |
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⚫ | [[File:Avrial-Alcazar.jpg|thumb|[[Etching]] of the Alcázar of Segovia ( c. 1842) by [[José María Avrial]] y Flores ]] |
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In 1896, King [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII]] ordered the Alcázar to be handed over to the Ministry of War as a military college.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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⚫ | The Board of Trustees of the Alcázar of Segovia was created by the Decree of the Presidency of the Government, on 18 January 1951. The purpose of this was to ensure cultural, artistic, and historical preservation of the Alcázar's triple function as a royal castle, military precinct, and military academy.<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> |
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[[File:Sala del Cordon Alcazar Segovia 4.JPG|thumb|The Belt Room]] |
[[File:Sala del Cordon Alcazar Segovia 4.JPG|thumb|The Belt Room]] |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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The exterior of the castle has a [[Herrerian style]] courtyard, [[moat]], [[drawbridge]], and [[keep]]. The interior rooms include a [[chapel]] and several noble rooms (''cuartos'' ''del Trono'', ''de la Galera'', ''de las Piñas'', ''de los Reyes'' and others) that can be visited today.<ref name=" |
The exterior of the castle has a [[Herrerian style]] courtyard, [[moat]], [[drawbridge]], and [[keep]]. The interior rooms include a [[chapel]] and several noble rooms (''cuartos'' ''del Trono'', ''de la Galera'', ''de las Piñas'', ''de los Reyes'' and others) that can be visited today.<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> A triumphal arch, located on the corner of the south-east part of the palace, just beyond the moat, was likely ornamented with [[Heraldic badge|heraldic devices]] and served as a grand entrance to the alcázar. However, today it no longer survives. It was changed during the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] period sometime during the 16th century.<ref name="Souza-2022">{{Cite book |last=Souza |first=Juan Carlos Ruiz |title=Meanings and Functions of the Royal Portrait in the Mediterranean World (11th–15th Centuries) |publisher=Brill |year=2022 |pages=506–536}}</ref> |
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The castle sits on a hill overlooking the city, with four towers, and several halls that are constructed with [[ |
The castle sits on a hill overlooking the city, with four towers, and several halls that are constructed with [[barrel vault]]s and twin windows. In the interior, the halls and rooms were decorated with great luxury and beauty by [[Mudéjar]] painters and artists.<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> |
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Currently, it houses an Armory Museum and the General Military Archive of Segovia, the oldest [[Archive|historical archive]] of the [[Spanish Armed Forces]].<ref name=" |
Currently, it houses an Armory Museum and the General Military Archive of Segovia, the oldest [[Archive|historical archive]] of the [[Spanish Armed Forces]].<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> |
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=== Tower of John II of Castile === |
=== Tower of John II of Castile === |
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[[File:Armeria Alcazar Segovia 3.JPG|thumb|Armory room]] |
[[File:Armeria Alcazar Segovia 3.JPG|thumb|Armory room]] |
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The tower of King [[John II of Castile]] (r. |
The tower of King [[John II of Castile]] (r. 1406–1454) was built during the first half of the 15th century. The style is notably recognized as [[Spanish Gothic architecture]], with influences from [[Islamic art]], such as a [[horseshoe arch]] found during renovations in the souther-side of the tower.<ref name="Souza-2022" /> The tower culminates in a large panoramic terrace with two pointed arches of varying heights built into the walls of the eastern and western portions of the tower. On the east-side of the tower, a large, doubled [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]] window that reached to the floor and facing the city of Segovia was built so that the king's entire body could be seen by others as he stood, framed by the window.<ref name="Souza-2022" /> |
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The side that projects towards the city was initially used as a parade ground, which was common in military architecture.<ref name=" |
The side that projects towards the city was initially used as a parade ground, which was common in military architecture.<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> There are two steep and spiral staircases with 156 steps that ascend to the top of the tower.<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> At the end of first section, there is a guard room. Attached to the front wall is a bed where the watchman of the tower would have slept.<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> |
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=== Interior rooms === |
=== Interior rooms === |
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According to ''The Illustrated Magazine of Art'' (1853)<ref>{{citation |title=The Castle of Segovia |journal=The Illustrated Magazine of Art |volume=1 |number=2 |year=1853 |pages=96–98 |jstor=20537904}}</ref>{{ |
According to ''The Illustrated Magazine of Art'' (1853)<ref>{{citation |title=The Castle of Segovia |journal=The Illustrated Magazine of Art |volume=1 |number=2 |year=1853 |pages=96–98 |jstor=20537904}}</ref>{{blockquote|The interior of the Castle of Segovia is in perfect accordance with the magnificence of its exterior. Many apartments are decorated with delicate traceries and pendant ornaments, in the style of the Alhambra, and, like those of the Alcázar of Seville, were executed by Arabian workmen during the Christian dominion of the fourteenth century, for in many places the crowns of the kings of Castille may be seen, surrounded by Latin mottoes [sic] and extracts from the Koran.}} |
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==== Hall of the Old Palace ==== |
==== Hall of the Old Palace ==== |
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Its construction corresponds to the reign of [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
Its construction corresponds to the reign of [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} In it the twinned windows that gave light to the palace are conserved, since the wall in which they were was the exterior wall of the old palace.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} The Mudéjar-style socles located between the windows come from a 13th-century house in the nearby Las Canonjías district.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} The decoration was completed with a set of German-style armor from the 15th century.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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==== Hall of the Fireplace ==== |
==== Hall of the Fireplace ==== |
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==== Throne Room (Salón del Solio) ==== |
==== Throne Room (Salón del Solio) ==== |
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The walls of the Throne Room mostly consist of portraits of various kings, which are part of the collection of kings commissioned by |
The walls of the Throne Room mostly consist of portraits of various kings, which are part of the collection of kings commissioned by Queen [[Isabella II of Spain]]. Both portraits are signed by their respective artists: the portrait of [[Isabella I of Castile]] is signed by [[José de Madrazo y Agudo|Madrazo]], while the portrait of [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] is signed by [[Juan Martínez Montañés|Montañés]].<ref name="Souza-2022" /> |
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In addition, there is a depiction of the ruler himself "''en siella''" (seated). This image corresponds to the fact that extant written documents from the fourteenth century actually referred to the throne room as the "''rey en siella''" (king sitting on the throne; enthroned king). Often these rooms were used for different types of political ceremonies, including the receiving of foreign embassies, banquets, musical performances, and literary events. The rooms could be decorated with different types of objects, like tableware and textiles (including [[Tapestry|tapestries]]) that allowed for the space to be transformed to suit the particular event.<ref name=" |
In addition, there is a depiction of the ruler himself "''en siella''" (seated). This image corresponds to the fact that extant written documents from the fourteenth century actually referred to the throne room as the "''rey en siella''" (king sitting on the throne; enthroned king). Often these rooms were used for different types of political ceremonies, including the receiving of foreign embassies, banquets, musical performances, and literary events. The rooms could be decorated with different types of objects, like tableware and textiles (including [[Tapestry|tapestries]]) that allowed for the space to be transformed to suit the particular event.<ref name="Souza-2022" /> |
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==== Hall of the Galley (Sala de la Galera) ==== |
==== Hall of the Galley (Sala de la Galera) ==== |
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The mother of John II, Queen [[Catherine of Lancaster]] (r. |
The mother of John II, Queen [[Catherine of Lancaster]] (r. 1390–1406) commissioned the construction of the Hall of the Galley in 1412.<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> |
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The name of the room derives from the [[Coffer|coffered ceiling]] that was shaped like an inverted [[Hull (watercraft)|ship hull]].<ref name=" |
The name of the room derives from the [[Coffer|coffered ceiling]] that was shaped like an inverted [[Hull (watercraft)|ship hull]].<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> |
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The frieze is made of [[Mudéjar]] plaster with a double inscription: the upper one includes a prayer related to the [[Eucharist]] and the lower one offers information about the work displayed in the hall.<ref name=" |
The frieze is made of [[Mudéjar]] plaster with a double inscription: the upper one includes a prayer related to the [[Eucharist]] and the lower one offers information about the work displayed in the hall.<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> |
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There are two [[Stained glass|stained glass windows]] in the Hall of the Gallery. One of these windows portrays [[Henry III of Castile]] (r. |
There are two [[Stained glass|stained glass windows]] in the Hall of the Gallery. One of these windows portrays [[Henry III of Castile]] (r. 1390–1406) and his family. The second window portrays King [[Henry II of Castile]] (r. 1366–1367) and scenes of the death of [[Peter of Castile|Peter I]] and John II.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} A painting by [[Muñoz de Pablos]] hangs on a wall in the gallery depicting the [[coronation]] of the Isabella I of Castile as Queen of Castile and of León in the [[San Miguel, Segovia|church of San Miguel]] of Segovia.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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==== Hall of las Piñas (Sala de las Piñas) ==== |
==== Hall of las Piñas (Sala de las Piñas) ==== |
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The inspiration for the |
The inspiration for the name of this room comes from the decorative motifs in the [[Artesonado]] ceiling that features many pineapple-like motifs. The stained glass window portrays King [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile|Alfonso VII]] (r. 1126–1157) with his daughter, Queen [[Berengaria of Castile]] (r. 1217).<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010">{{Cite book |last=Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia. |url=https://www.alcazardesegovia.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/bicentenario-1808-2008.pdf |title=El Alcázar de Segovia : bicentenario 1808-2008 |publisher=Patronato de El Alcázar de Segovia |year=2010 |pages=129 |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003090257/http://www.alcazardesegovia.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/bicentenario-1808-2008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==== Royal Chamber ==== |
==== Royal Chamber ==== |
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==== Hall of the Kings (Sala de los Reyes) ==== |
==== Hall of the Kings (Sala de los Reyes) ==== |
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[[Alfonso X of Castile| |
King [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]] (r. 1252–1284) commissioned the construction of the Hall of the Kings.<ref name="Rincón-2006" /> The space has ornamental ceilings and the upper portions of the four walls are decorated with a five-layer cloth.<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> |
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The design and layout of the Hall of the Kings borrowed iconography from the Palace of [[Alhambra]]. In the 1400s, [[ |
The design and layout of the Hall of the Kings borrowed iconography from the Palace of [[Alhambra]]. In the 1400s, King [[Henry IV of Castile]] (r. 1454–1474) played a large role in the final design of the Hall of the Kings. Historical and literary references are evident in the decoration, including the storied medieval [[Castilians|Castilian]] knight, [[El Cid]].<ref name="Souza-2022" /> |
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King Henry IV's decision to incorporate a gallery that depicted various rulers of Castile and León, in seated positions, into the hall's decoration was designed to demonstrate the political legitimacy of those in power during 15th century Spain. Similar imagery can be found in the |
King Henry IV's decision to incorporate a gallery that depicted various rulers of Castile and León, in seated positions, into the hall's decoration was designed to demonstrate the political legitimacy of those in power during 15th century Spain. Similar imagery can be found in the King's Hall (''Sala de los Reyes'') (also sometimes identified as the Hall of Justice) at the Alhambra, where an image of ten seated rulers located in the ceiling vault are believed by some scholars to represent different [[emir]]s from the [[Nasrid dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1200306384 |title=European art and the wider world, 1350-1550 |publisher=Manchester University Press |others=Kathleen Christian, Leah Ruth Clark |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5261-2291-9 |location=Manchester |pages=71–72 |oclc=1200306384}}</ref> Other scholars, however, have argued that due to the presence of small coats of arms below the figures and at the two ends of the image, the scene likely represents the ruler, in this case, [[Muhammad V of Granada]] (r. 1354–1359), accompanied by a group of wise men, various teachers and literary figures, is a meeting known as a ''maŷlis''.<ref name="Souza-2022" /> Whoever is illustrated in the imagery in the Alcázar of Segovia's Hall of Kings, the message concerns the representation of political power, dominance, and legitimacy.<ref name="Souza-2022" /> |
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[[Philip II of Spain]] (r. |
[[Philip II of Spain]] (r. 1580–1598) commissioned [[Hernando de Ávila]] to design one of the statues that represented the kings of Asturias, León and Castile.<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> One of the paintings in the room is a portrait of King Philip II of Spain and the others are portraits of two of his wives, [[Elisabeth of Valois]] (r. 1559–1568) and [[Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain|Anna of Austria]] (r. 1570–1580). {{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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==== Room of the Belt ==== |
==== Room of the Belt ==== |
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Its name is because |
Its name is because of a long golden lace attached to the walls surrounding the room.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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==== Chapel (Capilla) ==== |
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⚫ | The chapel at the Alcázar of Segovia houses [[Adoration of the Magi]] ({{Circa|1600}}) by Italian painter, architect, and sculpture [[Bartolomeo Carducci|Bartolomé Carducho]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Sánchez |first=Alfonso E. Pérez |title=Carducho, Bartolomé |date=2003 |url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/documentID/oao-9781884446054-e-90000369567 |work=Oxford Art Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/oao/9781884446054.013.90000369567 |isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1853 |title=The Castle of Segovia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20537904 |journal=The Illustrated Magazine of Art |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=96–98 |jstor=20537904 |issn=2150-5837 |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418010714/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20537904 |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to its historical significance and architectural accomplishments, the castle hosted numerous events. One of the most famous events at the Alcázar was the wedding of Philip II of Spain with his niece, Anna of Austria in 1570, which took place in the castle's chapel.<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> |
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[[File:Segovia 074.jpg|thumb|[[Adoration of the Magi]] (c. 1600) by [[Bartolomeo Carducci|Bartholme Carducho]], painting in Chapel at Alcazar of Segovia]] |
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⚫ |
The chapel at the |
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==== Weapons or Armory Room==== |
==== Weapons or Armory Room==== |
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==== Museum of the Royal College of Artillery (Museo del Real Colegio de Artillería) ==== |
==== Museum of the Royal College of Artillery (Museo del Real Colegio de Artillería) ==== |
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The Royal College of Artillery was divided into two parts: the academy and as a meeting place for the military and cadets in training.<ref name=" |
The Royal College of Artillery was divided into two parts: the academy and as a meeting place for the military and cadets in training.<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> |
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To attend the school, applicants were exclusively chosen from the noble estate or related to army captains and artillery corps. The allure of the school consisted of not only its scientific and military accomplishments, but in its integration of teachings of Christian ideals.<ref name=" |
To attend the school, applicants were exclusively chosen from the noble estate or related to army captains and artillery corps. The allure of the school consisted of not only its scientific and military accomplishments, but in its integration of teachings of Christian ideals.<ref name="Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia.-2010" /> |
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==In popular culture== |
==In popular culture== |
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Depicted as Koka's castle, it is the first shown fortress in the manga ''[[Berserk (manga)|Berserk]]''. |
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⚫ | The castle also served as the French home of Sir Lancelot du Lac, Joyous Gard, in the 1967 musical film ''[[Camelot (film)|Camelot]]''. The castle's silhouette and overall appearance also inspired the castle in Disney's 1937 animated classic, ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarves]]''. |
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⚫ | Sylvain Castle, a dungeon in the 1995 action RPG ''[[Terranigma]]'', is based on it. |
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* Depicted as Koka's castle, it is the first shown fortressin the manga ''[[Berserk (manga)|Berserk]]''. |
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* The Alcázar was used as the setting for [[Brobdingnag]], the land of the giants, in [[The 3 Worlds of Gulliver|The 3 Worlds of Gulliver (1960)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reelstreets {{!}} 3 Worlds of Gulliver, The |url=https://www.reelstreets.com/films/3-worlds-of-gulliver-the/ |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=www.reelstreets.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Segovia |url=http://www.western-locations-spain.com/castilla_y_leon/segovia/index.htm |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=www.western-locations-spain.com}}</ref> |
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⚫ | * The castle also served as the French home of Sir Lancelot du Lac, Joyous Gard, in the 1967 musical film ''[[Camelot (film)|Camelot]]''. The castle's silhouette and overall appearance also inspired the castle in Disney's 1937 animated classic, ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarves]]''. |
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⚫ | * Sylvain Castle, a dungeon in the 1995 action RPG ''[[Terranigma]]'', is based on it. |
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* The castle is used as the setting for Ghealdan in ''[[The Wheel of Time (TV series)|The Wheel of Time]]''. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Alcazar Of Segovia}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alcazar Of Segovia}} |
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[[Category:Alcazars and Alcazabas in Spain|Segovia]] |
[[Category:Alcazars and Alcazabas in Spain|Segovia]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Buildings and structures with azulejos in Castile and León]] |
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[[Category:Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Segovia]] |
[[Category:Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Segovia]] |
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Segovia]] |
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Segovia]] |
Alcázar of Segovia | |
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Segovia, Spain | |
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Coordinates | 40°57′09″N 4°07′57″W / 40.9525°N 4.1325°W / 40.9525; -4.1325 |
Type | Alcázar |
Site information | |
Operator | Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia |
Open to the public | Yes |
Website | www |
Official name | Alcázar of Segovia |
Type | Cultural |
Criteria | i, iii, iv |
Designated | 1985 (9th session) |
Part of | Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct |
Reference no. | 311 |
Region | Europe and North America |
Official name | Alcázar |
Type | Non-movable |
Criteria | Monument |
Designated | 3 June 1931 |
Reference no. | RI-51-0000861 |
The Alcazar of Segovia is a medieval castle located in the city of Segovia, in Castile and León, Spain. It has existed since at least the 12th century, and is one of the most renowned medieval castles globally and one of the most visited landmarks in Spain. It has been the backdrop for significant historical events and has been home to twenty-two kings, along with notable historical figures.
The fortress stands on a rocky crag at the western end of Segovia's Old City, which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985,[1] above the confluence of rivers Eresma and Clamores. Today, it is used as a museum and a military archives building since its declaration as a National Archive by a Royal Decree in 1998.[1] It has also worked at times as a state prison, a Royal Artillery College, and a military academy.[1]
The Alcazar served both as a royal palace and a fortress for the Castilian monarchs, and its architecture reflects the grandeur and is a notable example of "power architecture": the impenetrable walls, the deep moat, its impressive towers like the Homage or Juan II's, and the strategic location symbolise power and authority. Furthermore, the luxury and opulence of its interior, with lavishly decorated rooms and coffered ceilings, were designed to awe and subdue visitors, reinforcing the authority of the Kings of Castile. Similarly, the legends and rumours surrounding the Alcazar of Segovia have played a significant role in its history.
Despite its stern and fortified appearance, the Alcazar of Segovia has also been a place of daily life. Many princes, nobles, and infants have grown up within its halls, and their presence has helped soften the palace's appearance, making the castle a home for many.
Its history begins in the 12th or early 13th century when the royal family of Castile had quarters in the Alcazar, known as the "major palace". In the Homage tower, the treasure of the Crown of Castile was stored, from which funds were secured to finance Christopher Columbus's first voyage. In 1437, the books of the royal administration were moved to the Alcazar, establishing one of the first royal archives of Castile and laying one of the foundations for the current General Archive of Simancas. Additionally, the Alcazar housed the royal armory, which served as the basis for the one now exhibited in the Royal Armory of Madrid.
The Alcazar has been the stage for crucial events in Spain's history, such as the Cortes of Castile, held there on multiple occasions; the signing of the Concord of Segovia, which laid the groundwork for the formation of the Spanish nation, took place there; Isabel the Catholic, one of the most significant and influential women in history, left the Alcazar to proclaim herself queen of Castile. It was also the site of the last meeting between Christopher Columbus and King Ferdinand the Catholic before the explorer's death. The marriage of Philip II to Ana of Austria strengthened the alliance between the House of Habsburg and the Hispanic Monarchy. As the headquarters of the royal college of artillery, in the 18th century, the first military flight for military purposes was carried out, marking the beginning of military aviation, and the chemist Louis Proust, a professor at the Royal College, formulated the Law of Definite Proportions, a fundamental advance in modern chemistry.
The Alcazar of Segovia has made its mark on cinema and popular culture. It was used by Orson Welles in the film "Chimes at Midnight" and served as inspiration for Cinderella castle in the Walt Disney movie.
The Alcázar of Segovia, like many fortifications in Spain, started off as a Roman castrum,[1] but apart from the foundations, little of the original structure remains.[2] The alcázar was built by the Berber Almoravid dynasty. Almoravid art and architecture is scarcely talked about in scholarship in part because so little of the physical work has survived in Spain.[3] Furthermore, the Almoravid dynasty was short-lived and therefore much of the art and architecture of that period was subsequently destroyed or converted by their successors.
The first reference to this castle was in 1120, around 32 years after the city of Segovia was conquered by the Christians (during the Reconquista when King Alfonso VI reconquered lands to the south of the Duero river, down to Toledo and beyond).[4] In 1258, during the reign of King Alfonso X of Castile (r. 1252–1284), an intense thunderstorm caused a fire that destroyed several rooms, leading to centuries-long reconstruction during the reigns of various kings.[4]
It is not known what the shape and form of the Alcázar was before the reign of King Alfonso VIII (1155–1214), however early documentation mentioned a wooden stockade fence.[citation needed] It can be concluded[by whom?] that prior to Alfonso VIII's reign, the Muslim era structure was no more than a wooden fort built over the old Roman foundations. Alfonso VIII and his wife, Eleanor of England (sister of Richard the Lionheart), made this alcázar their principal residence and much work was carried out to erect the beginnings of the stone fortification we see today.[citation needed]
The Alcázar of Segovia was one of the favourite royal residences starting in the 13th century that in turn, led to secular patronage to the city of Segovia.[5] It was during this period that most of the current building was constructed by the House of Trastámara.[4]
In 1258, parts of the Alcázar had to be rebuilt by King Alfonso X after a cave-in and the Hall of Kings was built to house Parliament soon after.[citation needed] However, the single largest contributor to the continuing construction of the Alcázar was King John II of Castile who built the "New Tower" (John II tower as it is known today).[citation needed]
In 1474, the Alcázar played a major role in the rise of Queen Isabella I. On 12 December news of King Henry IV's death in Madrid reached Segovia and Isabella immediately took refuge within the walls of the Alcázar where she received the support of Andres Cabrera and Segovia's council.[citation needed] She was enthroned the next day as Queen of Castile and León.
The next major renovation at the Alcázar was conducted by King Philip II after his marriage to Anna of Austria.[citation needed] He added the sharp slate spires to reflect the castles of central Europe.[citation needed] In 1587, architect Francisco de Mora completed the main garden and the School of Honor areas of the castle.[citation needed]
During his visit to Spain known as the "Spanish match", Prince Charles of England visited the Alcázar in 1623, after dining at Valsain.[6] He was entertained by Luis Jerónimo de Cabrera, 4th Count of Chinchón, who was then keeper of the Alcázar. Prince Charles was shown the Galley Room or "second great hall" with the heraldry of Catherine of Lancaster. In the evening there was a torchlit masque involving 32 mounted knights. Prince Charles gave the Count of Chinchón a jewel and rewarded the poet Don Juan de Torres for his verses. He left early in the morning for Santa María la Real de Nieva.[7]
The restoration of the Royal College of Artillery was among the many reforms conducted under the reign of King Charles III of Spain (r. 1759–1788). He appointed Count Félix Gazzola as the director of the artillery corps, who made the executive decision to install the academy in the Segovian fortress in the Alcázar. At its opening in 1764, the military college stood as a symbol of the city's new age of progress in political and military education.[4]
On 6 March 1862, another fire occurred at the castle, destroying the sumptuous ceilings of the private rooms that were reserved exclusively for the nobility. As demonstrated in the engravings by José María Avrial and Flores in 1839, the structures were restored to their previous appearances.[8][9][10]
In 1896, King Alfonso XIII ordered the Alcázar to be handed over to the Ministry of War as a military college.[citation needed]
The Board of Trustees of the Alcázar of Segovia was created by the Decree of the Presidency of the Government, on 18 January 1951. The purpose of this was to ensure cultural, artistic, and historical preservation of the Alcázar's triple function as a royal castle, military precinct, and military academy.[4]
The exterior of the castle has a Herrerian style courtyard, moat, drawbridge, and keep. The interior rooms include a chapel and several noble rooms (cuartos del Trono, de la Galera, de las Piñas, de los Reyes and others) that can be visited today.[4] A triumphal arch, located on the corner of the south-east part of the palace, just beyond the moat, was likely ornamented with heraldic devices and served as a grand entrance to the alcázar. However, today it no longer survives. It was changed during the Habsburg period sometime during the 16th century.[11]
The castle sits on a hill overlooking the city, with four towers, and several halls that are constructed with barrel vaults and twin windows. In the interior, the halls and rooms were decorated with great luxury and beauty by Mudéjar painters and artists.[4]
Currently, it houses an Armory Museum and the General Military Archive of Segovia, the oldest historical archive of the Spanish Armed Forces.[4]
The tower of King John II of Castile (r. 1406–1454) was built during the first half of the 15th century. The style is notably recognized as Spanish Gothic architecture, with influences from Islamic art, such as a horseshoe arch found during renovations in the souther-side of the tower.[11] The tower culminates in a large panoramic terrace with two pointed arches of varying heights built into the walls of the eastern and western portions of the tower. On the east-side of the tower, a large, doubled Gothic window that reached to the floor and facing the city of Segovia was built so that the king's entire body could be seen by others as he stood, framed by the window.[11]
The side that projects towards the city was initially used as a parade ground, which was common in military architecture.[4] There are two steep and spiral staircases with 156 steps that ascend to the top of the tower.[4] At the end of first section, there is a guard room. Attached to the front wall is a bed where the watchman of the tower would have slept.[4]
According to The Illustrated Magazine of Art (1853)[12]
The interior of the Castle of Segovia is in perfect accordance with the magnificence of its exterior. Many apartments are decorated with delicate traceries and pendant ornaments, in the style of the Alhambra, and, like those of the Alcázar of Seville, were executed by Arabian workmen during the Christian dominion of the fourteenth century, for in many places the crowns of the kings of Castille may be seen, surrounded by Latin mottoes [sic] and extracts from the Koran.
Its construction corresponds to the reign of Alfonso VIII of Castile.[citation needed] In it the twinned windows that gave light to the palace are conserved, since the wall in which they were was the exterior wall of the old palace.[citation needed] The Mudéjar-style socles located between the windows come from a 13th-century house in the nearby Las Canonjías district.[citation needed] The decoration was completed with a set of German-style armor from the 15th century.[citation needed]
Corresponds to the ordination of the fortress in the time of Philip II of Spain.[citation needed] The furniture is from the 16th century.[citation needed] On the walls you can see a portrait of Philip II and another of Philip III, a 16th century Flemish tapestry with the subject of Our Lady's betrothal and a curious representation where you can contemplate the appearance of the Alcázar before the reform of the roofs and where you can also see the Former Cathedral of Segovia that was located in the current square of the Alcázar.[citation needed]
The walls of the Throne Room mostly consist of portraits of various kings, which are part of the collection of kings commissioned by Queen Isabella II of Spain. Both portraits are signed by their respective artists: the portrait of Isabella I of Castile is signed by Madrazo, while the portrait of Ferdinand II of Aragon is signed by Montañés.[11]
In addition, there is a depiction of the ruler himself "en siella" (seated). This image corresponds to the fact that extant written documents from the fourteenth century actually referred to the throne room as the "rey en siella" (king sitting on the throne; enthroned king). Often these rooms were used for different types of political ceremonies, including the receiving of foreign embassies, banquets, musical performances, and literary events. The rooms could be decorated with different types of objects, like tableware and textiles (including tapestries) that allowed for the space to be transformed to suit the particular event.[11]
The mother of John II, Queen Catherine of Lancaster (r. 1390–1406) commissioned the construction of the Hall of the Galley in 1412.[4]
The name of the room derives from the coffered ceiling that was shaped like an inverted ship hull.[4]
The frieze is made of Mudéjar plaster with a double inscription: the upper one includes a prayer related to the Eucharist and the lower one offers information about the work displayed in the hall.[4]
There are two stained glass windows in the Hall of the Gallery. One of these windows portrays Henry III of Castile (r. 1390–1406) and his family. The second window portrays King Henry II of Castile (r. 1366–1367) and scenes of the death of Peter I and John II.[citation needed] A painting by Muñoz de Pablos hangs on a wall in the gallery depicting the coronation of the Isabella I of Castile as Queen of Castile and of León in the church of San Miguel of Segovia.[citation needed]
The inspiration for the name of this room comes from the decorative motifs in the Artesonado ceiling that features many pineapple-like motifs. The stained glass window portrays King Alfonso VII (r. 1126–1157) with his daughter, Queen Berengaria of Castile (r. 1217).[4]
In its walls you can see scenes of the family life of the Catholic Monarchs.[citation needed] The bed has a brocade cover woven in gold.
King Alfonso X (r. 1252–1284) commissioned the construction of the Hall of the Kings.[10] The space has ornamental ceilings and the upper portions of the four walls are decorated with a five-layer cloth.[4]
The design and layout of the Hall of the Kings borrowed iconography from the Palace of Alhambra. In the 1400s, King Henry IV of Castile (r. 1454–1474) played a large role in the final design of the Hall of the Kings. Historical and literary references are evident in the decoration, including the storied medieval Castilian knight, El Cid.[11]
King Henry IV's decision to incorporate a gallery that depicted various rulers of Castile and León, in seated positions, into the hall's decoration was designed to demonstrate the political legitimacy of those in power during 15th century Spain. Similar imagery can be found in the King's Hall (Sala de los Reyes) (also sometimes identified as the Hall of Justice) at the Alhambra, where an image of ten seated rulers located in the ceiling vault are believed by some scholars to represent different emirs from the Nasrid dynasty.[13] Other scholars, however, have argued that due to the presence of small coats of arms below the figures and at the two ends of the image, the scene likely represents the ruler, in this case, Muhammad V of Granada (r. 1354–1359), accompanied by a group of wise men, various teachers and literary figures, is a meeting known as a maŷlis.[11] Whoever is illustrated in the imagery in the Alcázar of Segovia's Hall of Kings, the message concerns the representation of political power, dominance, and legitimacy.[11]
Philip II of Spain (r. 1580–1598) commissioned Hernando de Ávila to design one of the statues that represented the kings of Asturias, León and Castile.[4] One of the paintings in the room is a portrait of King Philip II of Spain and the others are portraits of two of his wives, Elisabeth of Valois (r. 1559–1568) and Anna of Austria (r. 1570–1580). [citation needed]
Its name is because of a long golden lace attached to the walls surrounding the room.[citation needed]
The chapel at the Alcázar of Segovia houses Adoration of the Magi (c. 1600) by Italian painter, architect, and sculpture Bartolomé Carducho.[14][15] Due to its historical significance and architectural accomplishments, the castle hosted numerous events. One of the most famous events at the Alcázar was the wedding of Philip II of Spain with his niece, Anna of Austria in 1570, which took place in the castle's chapel.[4]
The Alcázar has housed the armory of the House of Trastámara since old times, and was the precedent of the collections of weapons that finally met in the Royal Armoury of Madrid.[16]
The Royal College of Artillery was divided into two parts: the academy and as a meeting place for the military and cadets in training.[4]
To attend the school, applicants were exclusively chosen from the noble estate or related to army captains and artillery corps. The allure of the school consisted of not only its scientific and military accomplishments, but in its integration of teachings of Christian ideals.[4]
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