Jump to content

Main menu Navigation ●Main page ●Contents ●Current events ●Random article ●About Wikipedia ●Contact us ●Donate Contribute ●Help ●Learn to edit ●Community portal ●Recent changes ●Upload file

●Create account ●Log in ●Create account ● Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more ●Contributions ●Talk

Editing Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981

●Article ●Talk ●Read ●Edit ●View history Tools Actions ●Read ●Edit ●View history General ●What links here ●Related changes ●Upload file ●Special pages ●Page information ●Get shortened URL ●Download QR code ●Wikidata item Appearance

You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log inorcreate an account, your edits will be attributed to a username, among other benefits.

Content that violates any copyrights will be deleted. Encyclopedic content must be verifiable through citations to reliable sources.

You are about to undo an edit. Please check the comparison below to verify that this is what you want to do, then publish the changes below to finish undoing the edit.

If you are undoing an edit that is not vandalism, explain the reason in the edit summary. Do not use the default message only.

{{Short description|South Australian law giving certain land rights to two Aboriginal peoples; created APY}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = ''Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankuntjatjara Land Rights Act 1981''
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of South Australia]]
| long_title = An Act to provide for the vesting of title to certain lands in the people known as Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara; and for other purposes
| introduced_by = 
| date_enacted = 
| date_signed = 19 March 1981
| amended_by = 
| related_legislation = Mining Act 1971, Petroleum Act 1949
}}

The '''''Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981''''' ('''APYLRA''' or '''''APY Land Rights Act''''') grants certain land and other rights to the [[Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara|Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara]] (the [[Pitjantjatjara]] and [[Yankunytjatjara]] people) in [[South Australia]]. It began its life as the '''''Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act''''' and commenced operation on 2 October 1981. Its long name title is "An Act to provide for the vesting of title to certain lands in the people known as Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara; and for other purposes". The Act has since had several amendments, the latest in 2017.

== History ==

In 1976, the Pitjantjatjara Council ("Pit Council") was formed to lobby for freehold title to their reserve land, which, since the [[Aboriginal Land Trust|''Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 '']] had been vested in the Minister for Community Welfare.<ref name=Brock>{{cite book|title=Colonialism and its Aftermath: A history of Aboriginal South Australia|url=https://www.wakefieldpress.com.au/product.php?productid=1385|publisher=[[Wakefield Press (Australia)|Wakefield Press]]|isbn= 9781743054994|date=2017|editor1-first=Peggy|editor1-last=Brock|editor2-first=Tom|editor2-last=Gara|chapter=3. From segregation to self-determination in the twentieth century|first1=Peggy|last1=Brock|first2=Tom|last2=Gara|page=57}}</ref> Premier [[Don Dunstan]] established a Parliamentary Committee to investigate the feasibility of a separate lands trust to cover the North-West Reserve. The Pit Council wanted title to be vested in a new entity of which all Pitjantjatjara people would be members. They wanted something more than the communal title arrangements which had been granted by the [[Fraser government]] under the ''[[Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976]]'' (NT).<ref name=Lawson/>

Negotiations became drawn out, with the change of government from the Dunstan government to the Liberal government under [[David Tonkin]] after the 1979 state election. After the government proposed major changes to the legislation, over 100 Pitjantjatjara people camped at [[Victoria Park, Adelaide|Victoria Park Racecourse]] in February 1980 in protest.<ref name=Brock/> In October 1980, the Tonkin government introduced an amended bill after a long period of negotiations, in which Premier Tonkin took a leading and personal role.

The new bill finally passed through both Houses in March 1981, as the ''Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981'' (SA), later renamed as the ''Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjarra Land Rights Act 1981'' (SA) (APYLRA).<ref name=ATNS/> Symbolically, the Act came into force on 2 October 1981, the one-year anniversary of the date when Premier [[David Tonkin]] and the Chairman of the Pitjantjatjara Council, Mr [[Kawaki Thompson]], signed their agreement to the Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Bill.<ref name=Lawson/> The new law was enacted to acknowledge Anangu ownership of the land; to establish the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Management (APY) as a body corporate; and to "provide for efficient and accountable administration and management of lands by Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjarra".<ref name=ATNS/> However it did not give the people the power of veto over mining activities; any disputes would need to be resolved by an independent arbitrator.<ref name=Brock/>

== Significance ==
The Act, which introduced new concepts of land holding and land control for the benefit of [[Indigenous Australians]], was an important milestone in the struggle for land rights not only for [[Anangu]] but for Indigenous communities worldwide. During discussion of the Bill, state Premier [[David Tonkin]] described it as "very much one of the most significant pieces of legislation which has come before this Parliament in its entire history".

In 1984, the [[High Court of Australia]] described the Act as:
<blockquote>a special measure for the purpose of adjusting the law of the State to grant legal recognition and protection of the claims of the Anunga [sic] Pitjantjatjara to the traditional homelands on which they live and as the legal means by which present and future generations may take up and rebuild their relationship with their country in accordance with tradition, free of disturbance from others<ref>Decision of the High Court in ''Gerhardy v Brown'' [1985] HCA 11; (1985) (159 CLR 70)[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1985/11.html]</ref> </blockquote>

In 2001, the ongoing significance of the Act was recognised in a major centenary of Federation project charting the development of Australian democracy through key documents.<ref>Report of Select Committee on Pitjantjatjara Land Rights, Parliament of South Australia 2003-2004 {{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/A89D5A9A-74E0-4F78-B6BF-2984F006779E/4621/finalreport.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831121728/http://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/A89D5A9A-74E0-4F78-B6BF-2984F006779E/4621/finalreport.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref>

== Geographical scope ==
The land grant of all Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunyjatjara land is dated 30 October 1981 and covers an area of about {{convert|102,650|km2|mi2}}, or about 10.4% of the State.<ref name=ATNS>{{cite web|title=Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 (SA)|website=Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Project|publisher=University of Melbourne|url=http://www.atns.net.au/agreement.asp?EntityID=3634&SubjectMatter=21|access-date=21 June 2019|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175928/http://www.atns.net.au/agreement.asp?EntityID=3634&SubjectMatter=21|url-status=dead}}</ref> The westerly section that comprises over half the APY Lands was formerly the [[North West Aboriginal Reserve]], first proclaimed in 1921. Other former pastoral lease land, formerly known as [[Mimili, South Australia|Everard Park]], [[Kenmore Park]] and [[Granite Downs]], are included in the lands.<ref name=Lawson>{{cite web|url=http://www.bennelong.com.au/conferences/conference2003/Lawson2003.php|first=Robert|last= Lawson|author-link=Robert Lawson (South Australian politician)|title=The Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981|others=Address to Bennelong Society 2003 Conference|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813150939/http://www.bennelong.com.au/conferences/conference2003/Lawson2003.php |archive-date=13 August 2007 }}</ref>

The mining township of [[Mintabie]] was leased back to the state government, for an initial period of 21 years, as part of the agreement which became the Bill passed in parliament. The lease was later extended to 30 June 2027;<ref name=2012lease>{{cite document|url=http://www.energymining.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/324058/Mintabie_Town_Lease_Agreement_Reduced.pdf|title=Mintabie Town Lease Agreement|date=20 April 2012|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> however, after a 2017 report finding that the settlement had become a centre for illegal distribution of drugs and alcohol into the APY Lands, the lease was terminated, with a final eviction date of 31 December 2019.<ref name=evict>{{cite news |website =ABC News |publisher =Australian Broadcasting Corporation |title =In far-north SA, an entire town is being evicted by the government|url =http://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-28/mintabie-residents-being-rushed-out-of-town-by-new-years-day/11830130|date=28 December 2019 |access-date =29 December 2019}}</ref>
==Amendments==
There were amendments to the Act in 1987, 2004, 2005 and several in 2006; minor amendments in 2009, 2013 and 2014. The more significant amendments include:<ref name=austlii>{{cite web | title=Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 - Notes | website=Australasian Legal Information Institute | url=http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/sa/consol_act/apylra1981489/notes.html#legislativehistory | access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>

*The ''Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights (Mintabie) Amendment Act 2009'' (commenced 1 July 2012) introduced a licensing regime whereby outsiders could reside and operate businesses in Mintabie, granted by the Minister administering the ''[[Opal Mining Act 1995]]''.<ref>{{cite document|url=http://www.energymining.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/323838/Review_of_the_Mintabie_Lease_Township_Agreement_Report_Final.pdf|title=12017 Review of the Mintabie Lease and Mintabie Township Lease Agreement|author= Mintabie Review Panel, for Government of South Australia|page=10|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>

*The ''Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands Rights (Miscellaneous) Amendment Act 2016'' delivered key reforms,<ref name=dpcamend>{{cite web|url=https://dpc.sa.gov.au/what-we-do/services-for-business-and-the-community/Aboriginal-community-advice-and-support/current-initiatives/amendment-of-the-apy-land-rights-act-1981|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302170204/https://dpc.sa.gov.au/what-we-do/services-for-business-and-the-community/Aboriginal-community-advice-and-support/current-initiatives/amendment-of-the-apy-land-rights-act-1981|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-03-02|title=Amendment of the APY Land Rights Act 1981|date=2017|website=South Australia. Department of Premier and Cabinet|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> and determined the boundaries of seven APY electorates to elect the Executive Board of Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara.<ref >{{cite web | title=Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights (Miscellaneous) Amendment Act 2016| website=Legislation (South Australia)|publisher=Government of South Australia. Attorney-General's Dept | date=6 March 2020 | url=https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/V/A/2016/ANANGU%20PITJANTJATJARA%20YANKUNYTJATJARA%20LAND%20RIGHTS%20(MISCELLANEOUS)%20AMENDMENT%20ACT%202016_38.aspx | access-date=12 March 2020}} (See p. 3,7 in [https://www.dpc.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/34525/APY-Land-Rights-Misc-Amendment-Act-2016.pdf the Act].) </ref><ref name=elecmap>{{cite document|url=https://www.dpc.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/34517/reference-map.pdf|format=map|title=Map of Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands (Apy) 7 Electorates Comprised by the Community Groups as Referred to in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands Rights (Miscellaneous) Amendment Act 2016|author=Government of South Australia. Department of State Development, Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation. Heritage Information Team|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>

*The ''Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights (Suspension of Executive Board) Amendment Act 2017'' "continued the Premier’s power, as the Minister responsible for Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation, to suspend the APY Executive Board for any reason he or she thinks fit, for such period as deemed appropriate, and for this power to be on-going".<ref name=dpcamend/>

== See also ==

* [[Aboriginal land rights in Australia]]
* [[List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians]]
* [[Native title in Australia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web | title=Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 (SA)| website=Documenting A Democracy | date=19 March 1981 | url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-10-aid-6-pid-12.html|publisher=Museum of Australian Democracy }} (historical)
* [http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/research-and-guides/native-title-research/SA2010.pdf Native Title Resource Guide: South Australia], Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 31 December 2010

== External links ==
*{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/ANANGU%20PITJANTJATJARA%20YANKUNYTJATJARA%20LAND%20RIGHTS%20ACT%201981.aspx|website=Government of South Australia. Attorney-General's Dept|title=Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981|date=22 November 2021 }}(for latest version)
*[http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/sa/consol_act/apylra1981489/notes.html#legislativehistory Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 - Notes] Shows legislative history, with dates and details of all amendments.

[[Category:1981 in Australian law]]
[[Category:South Australia legislation]]
[[Category:Aboriginal land rights in Australia]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australians in South Australia]]
[[Category:Pitjantjatjara]]
[[Category:1980s in South Australia]]
[[Category:Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara]]

Edit summary (Briefly describe your changes)

By publishing changes, you agree to the Terms of Use, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the CC BY-SA 4.0 License and the GFDL. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.

Cancel Editing help (opens in new window)

Copy and paste: – — ° ′ ″ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ± − × ÷ ← → · § Cite your sources: <ref></ref>

{{}} {{{}}} | [] [[]] [[Category:]] #REDIRECT [[]]   <s></s> <code></code> <pre></pre> <blockquote></blockquote> <ref></ref> <ref name="" /> {{Reflist}} <references /> <includeonly></includeonly> <noinclude></noinclude> {{DEFAULTSORT:}} <nowiki></nowiki>

Symbols: ~ | ¡ ¿ † ‡ ↔ ↑ ↓ • ¶ # ∞ ‹› «» ¤ ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ € ₠ ₣ ƒ ₴ ₭ ₤ ℳ ₥ ₦ № ₧ ₰ £ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₮ ₩ ¥ ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦ 𝄫 ♭ ♮ ♯ 𝄪 © ® ™
Latin: A a Á á À à Â â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā Ã ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}

Wikidata entities used in this page

Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981: Sitelink, Title, Description: en

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 (edit)
Template:AAP navs (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Aboriginal South Australians (edit)
Template:Center (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Collapsible list (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flatlist (view source) (protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:If empty (view source) (protected)
Template:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox legislation (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Infobox legislation/images (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Italic title (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Unbulleted list (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Use Australian English (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Use dmy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Collapsible list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Italic title (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

This page is a member of 6 hidden categories (help):

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara_Land_Rights_Act_1981" ●Privacy policy ●About Wikipedia ●Disclaimers ●Contact Wikipedia ●Code of Conduct ●Developers ●Statistics ●Cookie statement ●Mobile view