Aphaena submaculata: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Species of insect}}

{{Good article}}

{{Speciesbox

| genus = Aphaena

| species = submaculata

| authority = ([[James Duncan (zoologist)|Duncan]], 1843)

| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies

| subdivision = [[#Subspecies|See text]]

| subdivision_ref = <ref>{{GBIF|id=2065807|taxon=''Aphaena submaculata''|access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref>

| synonyms =

{{Species list

| Aphaena resima | (Stål 1855)

| Aphana resima | Stål 1855

| Aphana submaculata | Hope 1840

| Euphria resima | (Stål 1855)

| Euphria submaculata | (Duncan 1843)

}}

| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{EOL|240678|''Aphaena submaculata''}}</ref>

'''''Aphaena submaculata''''' is a [[species]] of [[planthopper]]s in the sub-family [[Aphaeninae]] of [[Fulgoridae]]. Various subspecies are distributed throughout the [[Indo-China]] region. The species was first observed by [[Frederick William Hope]] in 1840 and was formally described by [[James Duncan (zoologist)|James Duncan]] in 1843. Since then, it has undergone multiple reclassifications and now has 3 recognized subspecies which differ by color and/or length. The species feeds on tree sap via specialized mouthparts and follows a [[Hemimetabolism|hemimetabolous]] life cycle.

== Taxonomy and discovery ==

''Aphaena submaculata'' is a species of [[Planthopper|''fulgoridea'']] planthopper. The earliest account of the species comes from 1840 when [[Entomology|entomologist]] [[Frederick William Hope]] described the species as ''Aphana submaculata,'' a ''[[nomen nudum]].''<ref>'''Hope F. W.''' 1840 - Descriptions of some new insects, collected in Assam by William Griffith, Esq., Assistant-Surgeon in the Madras Medical Service, and attached to the late Scientific Mission to Assam. ''The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Second series. Zoology'' 18: 435-447.</ref> ''Aphaena submaculata'' was formally described by [[James Duncan (zoologist)|James Duncan]] in 1843.<ref>'''Duncan J.''' 1843 - Homoptera. In: Jardine W. 1843 - ''The naturalist's library,'' 1. p. 276-286. [284]</ref> In Duncan's 1843 account, he referred to the species as ''Aphana submaculata'' as well''.'' In 1851, [[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Francis Walker]] proposed the alternative spelling ''Aphaena submaculata''. In 1863, [[Carl Stål]] reclassified the species as ''Euphria submaculata.<ref name="COL" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Planthoppers: FLOW Website |url=https://flow.hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?page=explorer&db=flow&lang=en&card=taxon&rank=species&id=18782 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=flow.hemiptera-databases.org |archive-date=2022-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003175023/https://flow.hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?page=explorer&db=flow&lang=en&card=taxon&rank=species&id=18782 |url-status=live }}</ref>''

Around the same time as Duncan's discovery, Carl Stål described ''Aphana resima'' as a separate species in 1855. In 1858, Francis Walker reclassified ''Aphana resima'' to the alternative spelling ''Aphaena resima.'' In 1895, [[Carl Eduard Adolph Gerstaecker]] reclassified the species again as ''Euphria resima.'' In 1906, [[William Lucas Distant|William Distant]] determined that ''Euphria resima'' was synonymous with ''Euphria submaculata,'' which downgraded ''Euphria resima'' to a synonym. Distant identified 2 additional subspecies: Aphaena (Aphaena) submaculata subsp. burmanica and Aphaena (Aphaena) submaculata subsp. consanguinea. This reclassification was upheld upon review by [[Victor Lallemand]] in 1963. In 1947, [[Robert L. Metcalf]] reclassified the species one final time as Aphaena (Aphaena) submaculata'','' its currently accepted name.<ref name="COL">{{cite web |author=Roskov Y. |author2=Kunze T. |author3=Orrell T. |author4=Abucay L. |author5=Paglinawan L. |author6=Culham A. |author7=Bailly N. |author8=Kirk P. |author9=Bourgoin T. |year=2011 |editor=Didžiulis V. |title=Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist. |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/aphaena/match/1 |accessdate=24 September 2012 |publisher=Species 2000: Reading, UK. |author10=Baillargeon G. |author11=Decock W. |author12=De Wever A. |archive-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109111151/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/aphaena/match/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>''<ref name=":0" />'' ''A. submaculata,'' alongside other members of the Fulgoridae family, are referred to colloquially as "lanternflies".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=SAJAN |first1=K.C. |last2=NEUPANE |first2=BISHNU P. |date=September 2021 |title=Four Additions to the Lanternfly (Insecta: Fulgoroidea: Fulgoroidea) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Aphaena-submaculata-Duncan-1843-from-Dhankuta-Nepal_fig1_355097163 |journal=Fauna of Nepal |volume=23 |issue=2&3 |access-date=2022-10-03 |archive-date=2022-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003175022/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Aphaena-submaculata-Duncan-1843-from-Dhankuta-Nepal_fig1_355097163 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are currently 3 recognized [[subspecies]] of ''Aphaena (Aphaena) submaculata:<ref name=":0" />''{{Species list|Aphaena (Aphaena) submaculata subsp. burmanica|(Distant, 1906)|Aphaena (Aphaena) submaculata subsp. consanguinea|(Distant, 1906)|Aphaena (Aphaena) submaculata subsp. resima|(Stål, 1855)}}

=== ''Aphaena (Aphaena) submaculata'' ===

Distant, in his 1906 description of ''Aphaena (Aphaena) submaculata'', stated the head, upper thorax, and legs are a yellow-brown ([[Ochre|ochraceous]]) color. The lateral margins of the [[Prothorax|pronotum]] are black and the abdomen is made of ochraceous and black segmental margins, with a color described as [[wiktionary:piceous|similar to pitch]]. The abdomen is covered by brick-red color forewings and light spots, and the taris are also a black color. The tibiae are a greenish color, the [[Tegmen|tegmina]] are a dull red color and covered in light spots. The costal tegmina have regular, light spots, while the apical area is covered in darker spots. The underside of the tegmina are a bright red, with pale, white spots. At the wing's costal area, there are also a series of blue-black spots and the wings turn to a black color as they approach the abdomen. The anal and posterior regions have a series of scattered spots. The mesonotum has three ridges. Excluding the tegmen, ''A. submaculata'' is {{Convert|20|mm|in}} to {{Convert|22|mm|in}} in length, and with the tegmen the length is {{Convert|65|mm|in}} to {{Convert|76|mm|in}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Distant |first=W. L. |date=1906 |title=Rhynchota.-Vol. III. Iheteroptera-Homoptera) |url=https://www.hemiptera-databases.org/flowpdf/9.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Fauna of British India |volume=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801152406/https://www.hemiptera-databases.org/flowpdf/9.pdf |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref>

The subspecies ''Aphaena submaculata consanguinea'' differs from ''A. submaculata'' in that its tegmina lack spots, instead it has dark red, irregular transverse fasciae which are notably narrower than ''Aphaena (Aphaena) submaculata.'' The subspecies also lacks blue-black spots along its costal areas and its wings only present black coloration on the basal fourth, the anterior tibiae, and the tarsi. Excluding the tegmen, their length is {{Convert|15.5|mm|in}} to {{Convert|20.5|mm|in}}, and with the tegmen, it is {{Convert|52|mm|in}} to {{Convert|70|mm|in}}. This subspecies is slightly smaller than ''A. submaculata.'' Distant described the subspecies as "difficult to discern, and individual judgments as to the separation of species must frequently be formed".<ref name=":2" />

The body and legs are an ochraceous color with the sides of the head and legs having a red color. The top of the rostrum, lateral margins of pronotum, the anterior tibiae, the top of the intermediate and posterior tibiae, and the entire tarsi are all black. The abdomen is covered with light spots, and the tegmina are a rose-red color with the margin covered in spots. The costal margin's spots are linearly designed while the outer margin is irregularly spotted. The wings are a deeper red compared to the tegmina and the tips of the wings have an ochraceous color. The tip of the anus is covered in large scattered spots. The [[Mesothorax|mesonotum]] has a set of three ridges and the cephalic process extends from the bottom of the abdomen to the middle of the pronotum. Its size is comparable to ''A. submaculata;'' their length is {{Convert|21|mm|in}} and with the tegmen, {{Convert|72|mm|in}}''.<ref name=":2" />''

== Behavior and distribution ==

''A. submaculata'' uses specialized mouthparts to pierce plants, feeding on tree sap. It has been observed feeding with ''[[Lycorma imperialis]]''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Aphaena (Aphaena) submaculata (Duncan 1843) - Encyclopedia of Life |url=https://www.eol.org/pages/240678 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.eol.org |archive-date=2022-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003192352/https://www.eol.org/pages/240678 |url-status=live }}</ref> The species follows a [[Hemimetabolism|hemimetabolous]] life cycle and is native to [[Bangladesh]], Myanmar, and Vietnam. Additionally, it is native to the [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]], and [[Darjeeling]] areas in India.<ref name=":3" />''<ref name=":0" />''

{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q10414472}}

[[Category:Aphaeninae]]

[[Category:Fulgoridae]]

[[Category:Insects described in 1843]]

[[Category:Hemiptera of Asia]]