Aplanthopper is any insect in the infraorderFulgoromorpha,[1] in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha,[2] a group exceeding 12,500 described species worldwide. The name comes from their remarkable resemblance to leaves and other plants of their environment and that they often "hop" for quick transportation in a similar way to that of grasshoppers. However, planthoppers generally walk very slowly. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, though few are considered pests. The infraorder contains 2 superfamily, Fulgoroidea and Delphacoidea. Fulgoroids are most reliably distinguished from the other Auchenorrhyncha by two features; the bifurcate (Y-shaped) anal vein in the forewing, and the thickened, three-segmented antennae, with a generally round or egg-shaped second segment (pedicel) that bears a fine filamentous arista.
Planthoppers are laterally flattened and hold their broad wings vertically, in a tent-like fashion, concealing the sides of the body and part of the legs.[3] Nymphs of many fulgoroids produce wax from special glands on the abdominal terga and other parts of the body. These are hydrophobic and help conceal the insects. Adult females of many families also produce wax which may be used to protect eggs.[4]
Planthopper (Fulgoridae: Pterodictya reticularis) with abdominal filaments of ketoester wax
Fulgoroid nymphs also possess a biological gear mechanism at the base of the hind legs, which keeps the legs in synchrony when the insects jump. The gears, not present in the adults, were known for decades[5] before the recent description of their function.[6]
Planthoppers are often vectors for plant diseases, especially phytoplasmas which live in the phloem of plants and can be transmitted by planthoppers when feeding.[7]
Both planthopper adults and nymphs feed by sucking sap from plants; in so doing, the nymphs produce copious quantities of honeydew, on which sooty mould often grows.[3] One species considered to be a pest is Haplaxius crudus, which is a vector for lethal yellowing, a palm disease that nearly killed off the Jamaican Tall coconut variety.[9]
^Evans, J. W. (1946). "A natural classification of leaf-hoppers (Jassoidea, Homoptera). Part 1. External morphology and systematic position". Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 96 (3): 47–60. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1946.tb00442.x.
^ abBoggs, Joe (14 June 2016). "Planthoppers". Bug Bytes. Ohio State University Extension. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
^ abDietrich, C. H. (2009). "Auchenorrhyncha: (Cicadas, Spittlebugs, Leafhoppers, Treehoppers, and Planthoppers)". In Resh, V. H.; Carde, R. T. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Insects (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 56–64. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374144-8.00015-1. ISBN978-0-12-374144-8.
^Sander, K. (1957). "Bau und Funktion des Sprungapparates von Pyrilla perpusilla Walker (Homoptera – Fulgoridae)". Zoologische Jahrbücher: Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere. 75: 383–388.
Swzedo J.; Bourgoin T.; Lefèbvre, F. 2004: An annotated catalogue of Fulgoromorpha, :37–137. In: Fossil Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) of the world. An annotated catalogue with notes on Hemiptera classification. Swzedo, J., Th. Bourgoin & F. Lefèbvre. J. Swzedo edt., Warsaw 2004, 199 pp + 8 pl.
