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==Lawsuit== |
==Lawsuit== |
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[[Madalyn Murray O'Hair]], founder of [[American Atheists]], responded by suing the United States government, alleging violations of the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]].<ref name = "aldrin">{{cite book|author=Chaikin, Andrew|title=A Man On The Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts|publisher=Viking|isbn=0-670-81446-6|year=1994|pages=[https://archive.org/details/manonmoonvoyages00chai/page/204 204], 623|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/manonmoonvoyages00chai}}</ref> The suit was filed in the [[United States District Court for the Western District of Texas]]. It was submitted to a [[three-judge panel]], which concluded that the case was not a three-judge matter, and dismissed the case for failure to state a cause of action.<ref>{{cite court|litigants=O'Hair v. Paine|vol=312|reporter=F. Supp.|opinion=434|pinpoint=436, 438|court=W.D. Tex.|date=1969 |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/312/434/1468840/}}</ref> The direct appeal to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.<ref>''O'Hair v. Paine'', {{ussc|397|531|1970}}.</ref> Another appeal was heard before the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals]], which affirmed the trial court's dismissal ''[[per curiam]]''.<ref>{{cite court|litigants=O'Hair v. Paine|vol=432|reporter=F.2d|opinion=66|court=5th Cir.|date=1970 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4365374099156957303}}</ref> The Supreme Court declined to review the case.<ref>''O'Hair v. Paine'', {{ussc|401|955|1971}}.</ref> |
[[Madalyn Murray O'Hair]], founder of [[American Atheists]], responded by suing the United States government, alleging violations of the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]].<ref name = "aldrin">{{cite book|author=Chaikin, Andrew|title=A Man On The Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts|publisher=Viking|isbn=0-670-81446-6|year=1994|pages=[https://archive.org/details/manonmoonvoyages00chai/page/204 204], 623|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/manonmoonvoyages00chai}}</ref> The suit was filed in the [[United States District Court for the Western District of Texas]]. It was submitted to a [[three-judge panel]], which concluded that the case was not a three-judge matter, and dismissed the case for failure to state a cause of action.<ref>{{cite court|litigants=O'Hair v. Paine|vol=312|reporter=F. Supp.|opinion=434|pinpoint=436, 438|court=W.D. Tex.|date=1969 |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/312/434/1468840/}}</ref> The direct appeal to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.<ref>''O'Hair v. Paine'', {{ussc|397|531|1970}}.</ref> Another appeal was heard before the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals]], which affirmed the trial court's dismissal ''[[per curiam]]''.<ref>{{cite court|litigants=O'Hair v. Paine|vol=432|reporter=F.2d|opinion=66|court=5th Cir.|date=1970 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4365374099156957303}}</ref> The Supreme Court declined to review the case.<ref>''O'Hair v. Paine'', {{ussc|401|955|1971}}.</ref> |
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Later, on the 1969 [[Apollo 11]] mission, [[Buzz Aldrin]] took Communion on the lunar surface shortly after landing, using bread and wine he brought from his home church congregation. When he tried to speak to the flight crew operations manager and get the permission to broadcast his singular celebration of the [[Eucharist#Eucharist theology|Holy Communion service]], he was answered with "keep your comments more general".<ref>{{cite web | author = Erin Blakemore | url = https://www.history.com/news/buzz-aldrin-communion-apollo-11-nasa | title = Buzz Aldrin took Holy Communion on the Moon. NASA kept it quiet | date = 31 July 2018 | access-date = 19 July 2019 | website = [[History.com]] | publisher = A&E Television Networks | archive-url = https://archive.today/20190717023744/https://www.history.com/news/buzz-aldrin-communion-apollo-11-nasa | archive-date = 17 July 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> Hence, over the radio he merely asked his listeners to pause and reflect on the events of the last few hours, and give thanks in their own way. He then read the specifically Christian scripture, [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=john+15%3A5&version=NASB John 15:5], off-air.<ref name = "aldrin"/><ref name="aldrin2">{{cite web| url= http://www.snopes.com/glurge/communion.asp |title=Communion on the moon|website= snopes.com|author= B. Mikkelson|author2= D. Mikkelson|name-list-style= amp|access-date=March 8, 2010}}</ref> However, after the Apollo team was reunited and heading back to Earth, Aldrin read aloud a second scripture that was scrawled on the same notecard but of a more universally human reference from the Old Testament, [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm+8:3-4&version=NASB Psalm 8:3–4], "When I considered the heavens, the work of Thy fingers, the moon and the stars which Thou hast ordained, what is man that Thou art mindful of him."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aldrin |first1=Buzz |title=Magnificent Desolation: The Long Journey Home from the Moon |date=2009 |publisher=Harmony Books |location=New York |isbn=9780307463456 |pages=51–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRlO8_7mzH0C&q=Psalms&pg=PA52 |access-date=24 July 2019}}</ref> |
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==Artifacts== |
==Artifacts== |
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