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===Diagnostic criteria=== |
===Diagnostic criteria=== |
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Although there are differences{{such as|date=December 2018}} between early-onset CVS (babies and children) and late-onset CVS (in adults),<ref name="Bhandari_2018" /> there are established criteria to aid in diagnosis of CVS, namely: |
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Due to the lack of specific biomarkers available for the disorder, and if all other possible causes can be ruled out (such as [[intestinal malrotation]]), physicians rely on the [[Rome IV|Rome IV process]] criteria in order to diagnose patients.<ref name="Bhandari_2018"/> Patients must meet all three of the following criteria to receive diagnosis: |
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# A history of three or more periods of intense, acute nausea and unremitting vomiting, as well as pain in some cases, lasting hours to days and even weeks or months<ref name="pmid28745840">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sagar RC, Sood R, Gracie DJ, Gold MJ, To N, Law GR, Ford AC | s2cid = 11299617 | title = Cyclic vomiting syndrome is a prevalent and under-recognized condition in the gastroenterology outpatient clinic | journal = Neurogastroenterology and Motility | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = e13174| date = January 2018 | pmid = 28745840 | doi = 10.1111/nmo.13174 | url = http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/29512/1/29512%20CVS%20paper.pdf }}</ref> |
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# Intervening symptom-free or reduced-symptom intervals, lasting weeks to months |
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# Stereotypical episodes of acute vomiting each with a duration of less than 1 week |
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# There are repeated cycles of periods (of varying duration) with intense/acute nausea, with or without vomiting, with or without severe pain, followed by periods of reduced symptoms, followed by gradual increase in CVS symptoms until it peaks (peak intensity is generally relative to cycle intensity). |
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# A history of at least three discrete episodes in the prior year and at least two episodes in the past 6 months, each occurring at least 1 week apart |
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# Exclusion of metabolic, gastrointestinal, genitourinary or central nervous system structural or biochemical disease, e.g., individuals with specific physical causes (such as [[intestinal malrotation]]) |
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# An absence of vomiting between episodes, but other milder symptoms can be present between cycles |
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Criteria must be fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months prior to diagnosis. A history of family history of migraine headaches can also be used in facilitating diagnosis.<ref name="rome">{{cite web |title=Rome IV Criteria |url=https://theromefoundation.org/rome-iv/rome-iv-criteria/ |website=Rome Foundation |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723174730/https://theromefoundation.org/rome-iv/rome-iv-criteria/ |archive-date=23 July 2022 |language=English |date=16 January 2016}}</ref> |
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==Treatment== |
==Treatment== |
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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