Contents

December 1931

The following events occurred in December 1931:

• A revision in the Soviet calendar went into effect, replacing the five-day work week with a new six-day system.^[1]
• The second Round Table Conference on India broke off in London without success.^[2]
• Born: Jimmy Lyons, alto saxophonist, in Jersey City, New Jersey (d. 1986); Jim Nesbitt, country music singer, in Bishopville, South Carolina (d. 2007)

• A general election was held in New Zealand; the United/Reform Coalition lost some seats but remained in power.
• Born: Nigel Calder, science writer, in England (d. 2014); Edwin Meese, 75th United States Attorney General, in Oakland, California
• Died: Vincent d'Indy, 80, French composer and teacher

• Alka-Seltzer was first brought on the market by the Dr. Miles Medical Company.^[3]
• The film Blonde Crazy starring James Cagney was released.^[4]
• Born: Jaye P. Morgan, singer and actress, in Mancos, Colorado

• Adolf Hitler gave an interview to British and American press at the Hotel Kaiserhof in Berlin.^[5][6]『It will not be necessary for me to seize power through a coup d'état,』Hitler said. "It will be mine within a short time, anyway, since every election brings my party closer to an absolute majority."^[7]

• Mahatma Gandhi left England to head back to India. "I return with a clear conscience," Gandhi said. "I have explored and exhausted every approach to peace."^[8] That evening in Paris, Gandhi gave a speech at the Magic-City dance hall and took questions from the audience of 2,000 people.^[9]
• The Montreal AAA Winged Wheelers defeated the Regina Roughriders 22-0 to win the Grey Cup of Canadian football.
• The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow was demolished. The Palace of the Soviets was intended to be built in its place but never completed, and the cathedral was rebuilt in the same spot and opened in 2000.^[10][11]
• Died: Vachel Lindsay, 52, American poet (suicide)

• Marģers Skujenieks became Prime Minister of Latvia for the second time.
• 5 miners were killed in an explosion in Transylvania, Romania.^[12]

• The resignation of Giovanni Giuriati as Secretary of the National Fascist Party was announced in Italy; Achille Starace was appointed to replace him.^[13]
• The John Ford-directed drama film Arrowsmith premiered at the Gaiety Theatre in New York City.^[14]

• German President Paul von Hindenburg signed Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's enormous 46-page emergency decree into law, slashing prices, wages and rents across the board in an effort to reverse inflation.^[15]
• Hattie Caraway of Arkansas was sworn in as a United States senator, filling the vacancy left by her late husband Thaddeus. This made Caraway the second woman in history to serve in the U.S. Senate after Rebecca Latimer Felton in 1922, though Felton's service consisted of only a single day and was largely symbolic.^[16][17]
• Herbert Hoover delivered the annual State of the Union message to Congress. The message reviewed the worldwide depression and laid out the measures the government was taking to alleviate the crisis, but made no mention of Prohibition.^[18]

• The Spanish Constituent Assemby approved the new Spanish Constitution.^[19]
• Born: Ladislav Smoljak, film and theater director, actor and screenwriter, in Prague, Czecheslovakia (d. 2010)

• The 1931 Nobel Prizes were awarded in Stockholm. The recipients were Carl Bosch and Friedrich BergiusofGermany for Chemistry, Otto Heinrich Warburg of Germany (Medicine) and Erik Axel KarlfeldtofSweden (Literature). The Peace Prize was awarded in OslotoJane Addams and Nicholas Murray Butler of the United States. The Physics Prize was not awarded that year.^[20]
• InClarksburg, West Virginia, Harry Powers was convicted of first degree murder, which automatically carried a sentence of the death penalty.^[21]
• The Alfred Hitchcock-directed film Rich and Strange was released in the United Kingdom.
• The final D. W. Griffith-directed film, The Struggle, was released.^[22]

• The Statute of Westminster was passed, establishing increased independence of the self-governing Dominions of the British Empire.
• Niceto Alcalá-Zamora was sworn in as the first President of the Second Republic of Spain.^[23]
• The Chicago Cubs traded Hack Wilson and Bud Teachout to the St. Louis Cardinals for Burleigh Grimes.^[24]
• Born: Rita Moreno, actress and singer, in Humacao, Puerto Rico

• Mahatma Gandhi met with Benito Mussolini in Rome. The two talked for half an hour through an interpreter.^[25]
• Army defeated Navy 17-7 in the Army–Navy GameatYankee Stadium.^[26]
• Born: Lionel Blair, Canadian-born British actor, choreographer and television presenter, in Montreal

• Inukai Tsuyoshi became Prime Minister of Japan.
• Winston Churchill was hit by a car driven by Edward F. Cantasano while crossing Fifth Avenue in New York City. Churchill went to hospital with some bruises and cuts but was discharged the following week. Cantasano was not charged because Churchill took full responsibility for the accident, having crossed against the light and forgotten which side of the road automobiles drive on in the United States.^[27]
• Born: Bubba Morton, baseball player, in Washington, D.C. (d. 2006)

• Walter Pfrimer and seven other Heimwehr leaders went on trial for high treason in Graz, Austria over the September 13 Styrian revolt.^[28]
• Born: Arsenio Laurel, race car driver, in Tanauan, Batangas, Philippines (d. 1967)

• Chiang Kai-shek resigned as President of the Republic of China and was succeeded by Lin Sen.^[29]
• Born: Evald Schorm, film and stage director, screenwriter and actor, in Prague, Czecheslovakia (d. 1988)

• The Iron Front, an anti-fascist paramilitary organization, formed in Germany.^[19]

• Japan suspended the gold standard.^[30]
• Born: Dave Madden, Canadian-born American actor, in Sarnia, Ontario (d. 2014)

• A jury acquitted Walter Pfrimer and his associates of treason charges.^[28]
• Died: Legs Diamond, 34, American gangster (assassinated)

• Federal elections were held in Australia. The incumbent Australian Labor Party led by Prime Minister James Scullin was defeated by the newly formed United Australia Party led by Joseph Lyons.
• Joseph Goebbels married Magda Quandt on the estate of Magda's first husband, Günther Quandt, in Severin. Adolf Hitler served as best man.^[31]

• The Kragujevac Football Subassociation was formed.
• Born: Mala Powers, film actress, in San Francisco, California (d. 2007)
• Died: Gustav Kossinna, 73, German linguist and archaeology professor; Rosa C. Petherick, 60, British book illustrator

• Japanese forces in Manchuria launched a new offensive, the Jinzhou Operation.
• James Scullin resigned as Australian Prime Minister.^[32]

• The roof of the Vatican Library partially collapsed, killing five and destroying 800 books.^[19]

• InBasel, the Young Plan advisory committee issued a report stating that Germany would be unable to meet its reparations payments when the Hoover Moratorium expired in July, and that the only solution was another revision to the plan.^[33]
• Born: Ronnie Schell, actor and comedian, in Richmond, California
• Died: Knowlton Ames, 63, American football player, coach and financier (suicide); Tyrone Power, Sr., 62, English actor

• 20 were injured in Paris when several hundred unemployed rioters invaded a Montmartre café and smashed tables and chairs, shouting for "work and bread".^[34]
• Born: Mauricio Kagel, composer, in Buenos Aires, Argentina (d. 2008)

• The first Metropolitan Opera network radio broadcast took place when the Engelbert Humperdinck opera Hansel and Gretel aired on NBC.^[35]
• The film Hell Divers, starring Wallace Beery and Clark Gable, premiered at Grauman's Chinese TheatreinHollywood.^[36]

• The George and Ira Gershwin musical Of Thee I Sing premiered at the Music Box Theatre on Broadway.^[37]
• The film Mata Hari, starring Greta Garbo in the title role, was released.
• Died: Melvil Dewey, 80, American librarian and inventor of the Dewey Decimal System

• Indian independence leader Jawaharlal Nehru was arrested again.^[38]
• Born: Scotty Moore, guitarist and recording engineer, in Gadsden, Tennessee
• Died: José Figueroa Alcorta, 71, 16th President of Argentina

• Mahatma Gandhi returned to India, docking at Bombay. A huge crowd was there to greet him despite the very early morning hour.^[39]
• Sections of Los Angeles flooded after five days of rain.^[40]
• Born: Martin Milner, actor, in Detroit, Michigan

• The Deseret News Publishing Company was founded.
• Born: Albert Probst, politician, in Garching bei München, Germany (d. 2015); Stasys Stonkus, basketball player, in Telšiai, Lithuania (d. 2012)

• A two-day referendum on prohibition concluded in Finland. 70.5% voted to abolish prohibition completely.^[41]
• The Sippenbuch, the genealogical clan book carried by every member of the SS, was created.^[42]
• Born: Skeeter Davis, country music singer, in Dry Ridge, Kentucky (d. 2004)

• German President Paul von Hindenburg gave a New Year's address over the radio. "Germans deserve thanks and praise for the sacrifices they have made and the patience with which they have borne their sufferings and burdens," Hindenburg said. "The greatness of their sacrifice justifies Germany's demand that foreign countries should not seek to oppose Germany's restoration through imposition of impossible conditions." At one point during Hindenburg's address the broadcast was hijacked and an unknown voice called out, "Attention Germany! The Red fighters are here."^[43]
• In the Northwest Territories of Canada near Aklavik, four members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police trekked to the cabin of a mysterious man by the name of Albert Johnson with a search warrant after Aboriginal trappers suspected him of interfering with their traps. When they knocked on Johnson's cabin door he responded with gunfire, seriously wounding one of the Mounties in the ensuing shootout. Johnson now faced the more serious charge of attempted murder of an RCMP officer.^[44]
• The film Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde starring Fredric March was released.
• Born: Bob Shaw, science fiction writer, in Belfast, Northern Ireland (d. 1996)