Content that violates any copyrights will be deleted. Encyclopedic content must be verifiable through citations to reliable sources.
You are about to undo an edit. Please check the comparison below to verify that this is what you want to do, then publish the changes below to finish undoing the edit. If you are undoing an edit that is not vandalism, explain the reason in the edit summary. Do not use the default message only. |
| Latest revision | Your text | ||
| Line 117: | Line 117: | ||
It is biodegraded by both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to 3,6-[[dichlorosalicylic acid]]. This conversion is catalyzed by a [[Dioxygenase|dicamba monooxygenase]], which hydroxylates the methyl group of dicamba. The hydroxymethylated derivative hydrolyzes readily to an inactive dichlorosalicylic acid or its [[conjugate base]]. Modification of the gene encoding this enzyme is one strategy toward dicamba-resistant crops.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2009.07.021 |title=Crystal Structure of Dicamba Monooxygenase: A Rieske Nonheme Oxygenase that Catalyzes Oxidative Demethylation |date=2009 |last1=Dumitru |first1=Razvan |last2=Jiang |first2=Wen Zhi |last3=Weeks |first3=Donald P. |last4=Wilson |first4=Mark A. |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |volume=392 |issue=2 |pages=498–510 |pmid=19616011 |pmc=3109874 }}</ref> The dichlorosalicylic acid is far less toxic than dicamba, which is already rather low.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Krueger | first1=James P. | last2=Butz | first2=Robert G. | last3=Atallah | first3=Yousef H. | last4=Cork | first4=Douglas J. | title=Isolation and identification of microorganisms for the degradation of Dicamba | journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume=37 | issue=2 | date=1989 | issn=0021-8561 | doi=10.1021/jf00086a057 | pages=534–538}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Milligan | first1=Peter W. | last2=Häggblom | first2=Max M. | title=Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Dicamba under Different Reducing Conditions | journal=Environmental Science & Technology | volume=33 | issue=8 | date=1999-04-01 | issn=0013-936X | doi=10.1021/es981117e | pages=1224–1229| bibcode=1999EnST...33.1224M }}</ref> |
It is biodegraded by both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to 3,6-[[dichlorosalicylic acid]]. This conversion is catalyzed by a [[Dioxygenase|dicamba monooxygenase]], which hydroxylates the methyl group of dicamba. The hydroxymethylated derivative hydrolyzes readily to an inactive dichlorosalicylic acid or its [[conjugate base]]. Modification of the gene encoding this enzyme is one strategy toward dicamba-resistant crops.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2009.07.021 |title=Crystal Structure of Dicamba Monooxygenase: A Rieske Nonheme Oxygenase that Catalyzes Oxidative Demethylation |date=2009 |last1=Dumitru |first1=Razvan |last2=Jiang |first2=Wen Zhi |last3=Weeks |first3=Donald P. |last4=Wilson |first4=Mark A. |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |volume=392 |issue=2 |pages=498–510 |pmid=19616011 |pmc=3109874 }}</ref> The dichlorosalicylic acid is far less toxic than dicamba, which is already rather low.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Krueger | first1=James P. | last2=Butz | first2=Robert G. | last3=Atallah | first3=Yousef H. | last4=Cork | first4=Douglas J. | title=Isolation and identification of microorganisms for the degradation of Dicamba | journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume=37 | issue=2 | date=1989 | issn=0021-8561 | doi=10.1021/jf00086a057 | pages=534–538}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Milligan | first1=Peter W. | last2=Häggblom | first2=Max M. | title=Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Dicamba under Different Reducing Conditions | journal=Environmental Science & Technology | volume=33 | issue=8 | date=1999-04-01 | issn=0013-936X | doi=10.1021/es981117e | pages=1224–1229| bibcode=1999EnST...33.1224M }}</ref> |
||
== |
== Dicamba use on dicamba-tolerant crops == |
||
Complaints against dicamba accelerated after the United States EPA approved a Monsanto-created soybean which could tolerate it in 2016.<ref name="dicambadestroy">{{Cite web |title=Dicamba Lawsuit | Crop Damage Compensation for Farmers |url=https://www.consumernotice.org/legal/dicamba-lawsuits/ |website=ConsumerNotice.org}}</ref> The soybean was a part of Monsanto's Xtend products.<ref name="dicambadestroy" /> Dicamba was approved by the EPA for "over-the-top" (OTT) use on those dicamba-tolerant soybean and cotton crops.<ref name=":0" /> In 2017 and again in 2018, EPA amended the registrations of all OTT dicamba products following reports that farmers had experienced crop damage and economic losses resulting from spray drifting.<ref name=":0" /> |
Complaints against dicamba accelerated after the United States EPA approved a Monsanto-created soybean which could tolerate it in 2016.<ref name="dicambadestroy">{{Cite web |title=Dicamba Lawsuit | Crop Damage Compensation for Farmers |url=https://www.consumernotice.org/legal/dicamba-lawsuits/ |website=ConsumerNotice.org}}</ref> The soybean was a part of Monsanto's Xtend products.<ref name="dicambadestroy" /> Dicamba was approved by the EPA for "over-the-top" (OTT) use on those dicamba-tolerant soybean and cotton crops.<ref name=":0" /> In 2017 and again in 2018, EPA amended the registrations of all OTT dicamba products following reports that farmers had experienced crop damage and economic losses resulting from spray drifting.<ref name=":0" /> |
||
Copy and paste: – — ° ′ ″ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ± − × ÷ ← → · § Cite your sources: <ref></ref>
{{}} {{{}}} | [] [[]] [[Category:]] #REDIRECT [[]] <s></s> <sup></sup> <sub></sub> <code></code> <pre></pre> <blockquote></blockquote> <ref></ref> <ref name="" /> {{Reflist}} <references /> <includeonly></includeonly> <noinclude></noinclude> {{DEFAULTSORT:}} <nowiki></nowiki> <!-- --> <span class="plainlinks"></span>
Symbols: ~ | ¡ ¿ † ‡ ↔ ↑ ↓ • ¶ # ∞ ‹› «» ¤ ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ € ₠ ₣ ƒ ₴ ₭ ₤ ℳ ₥ ₦ № ₧ ₰ £ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₮ ₩ ¥ ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦ 𝄫 ♭ ♮ ♯ 𝄪 © ® ™
Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
Wikidata entities used in this page
Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):
This page is a member of 11 hidden categories (help):
