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Dicamba is poorly soluble in water.<ref name=Ullmann/> A study conducted from 1991 to 1996 by the [[U.S. Geologic Survey]] found dicamba in 0.13% of the groundwaters surveyed. The maximum level detected was 0.0021 mg/L.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kolpin |first1=Dana W. |last2=Barbash |first2=Jack E. |last3=Gilliom |first3=Robert J. |title=Pesticides in Ground Water of the United States, 1992–1996 |journal=Groundwater |date=November 2000 |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=858–863 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00684.x|bibcode=2000GrWat..38..858K }}</ref> |
Dicamba is poorly soluble in water.<ref name=Ullmann/> A study conducted from 1991 to 1996 by the [[U.S. Geologic Survey]] found dicamba in 0.13% of the groundwaters surveyed. The maximum level detected was 0.0021 mg/L.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kolpin |first1=Dana W. |last2=Barbash |first2=Jack E. |last3=Gilliom |first3=Robert J. |title=Pesticides in Ground Water of the United States, 1992–1996 |journal=Groundwater |date=November 2000 |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=858–863 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00684.x|bibcode=2000GrWat..38..858K }}</ref> |
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It is biodegraded by both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to |
It is biodegraded by both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to dichloro[[salicylic acid]]. This conversion is catalyzed by a [[Dioxygenase|dicamba monooxygenase]], which hydroxylates the methyl group of dicamba. The hydroxymethylated derivative hydrolyzes readily to an inactive dichlorosalicylic acid or its [[conjugate base]]. Modification of the gene encoding this enzyme is one strategy toward dicamba-resistant crops.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2009.07.021 |title=Crystal Structure of Dicamba Monooxygenase: A Rieske Nonheme Oxygenase that Catalyzes Oxidative Demethylation |date=2009 |last1=Dumitru |first1=Razvan |last2=Jiang |first2=Wen Zhi |last3=Weeks |first3=Donald P. |last4=Wilson |first4=Mark A. |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |volume=392 |issue=2 |pages=498–510 |pmid=19616011 |pmc=3109874 }}</ref> The dichlorosalicylic acid is far less toxic than dicamba, which is already rather low.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Krueger | first1=James P. | last2=Butz | first2=Robert G. | last3=Atallah | first3=Yousef H. | last4=Cork | first4=Douglas J. | title=Isolation and identification of microorganisms for the degradation of Dicamba | journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume=37 | issue=2 | date=1989 | issn=0021-8561 | doi=10.1021/jf00086a057 | pages=534–538}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Milligan | first1=Peter W. | last2=Häggblom | first2=Max M. | title=Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Dicamba under Different Reducing Conditions | journal=Environmental Science & Technology | volume=33 | issue=8 | date=1999-04-01 | issn=0013-936X | doi=10.1021/es981117e | pages=1224–1229| bibcode=1999EnST...33.1224M }}</ref> |
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== Use on dicamba-tolerant crops == |
== Use on dicamba-tolerant crops == |
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