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== Use as an herbicide == |
== Use as an herbicide == |
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[[File:Dicamba USA 2019.png|thumb|Dicamba use in the |
[[File:Dicamba USA 2019.png|thumb|Dicamba use in the USA in 2019. Usage has substantially increased since dicamba was approved for use over dicamba-resistant GMO crops in 2016.]] |
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Dicamba is a selective and systemic herbicide that kills annual and perennial broadleaf weeds.<ref name=ppdb>{{cite web |title=Dicamba (Ref: SAN 837H) |url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/213.htm |website=Pesticide Properties DataBase |publisher=University of Hertfordshire}}</ref> Its primary commercial applications are weed control for grain crops and turf areas. It is also used to control brush and [[bracken]] in pastures, as well as controlling [[legumes]] and [[cacti]]. In combination with a [[phenoxy herbicide]] or with other herbicides, dicamba can be used for weed control in range land and other noncrop areas (fence rows, roadways, and wastage). Dicamba is toxic to [[conifer]] species but is in general less toxic to grasses.<ref name=Ullmann>Arnold P. Appleby, Franz Müller. "Weed Control, 2" in ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'' 2011, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.o28_o01}}</ref> |
Dicamba is a selective and systemic herbicide that kills annual and perennial broadleaf weeds.<ref name=ppdb>{{cite web |title=Dicamba (Ref: SAN 837H) |url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/213.htm |website=Pesticide Properties DataBase |publisher=University of Hertfordshire}}</ref> Its primary commercial applications are weed control for grain crops and turf areas. It is also used to control brush and [[bracken]] in pastures, as well as controlling [[legumes]] and [[cacti]]. In combination with a [[phenoxy herbicide]] or with other herbicides, dicamba can be used for weed control in range land and other noncrop areas (fence rows, roadways, and wastage). Dicamba is toxic to [[conifer]] species but is in general less toxic to grasses.<ref name=Ullmann>Arnold P. Appleby, Franz Müller. "Weed Control, 2" in ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'' 2011, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.o28_o01}}</ref> |
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== Drift == |
== Drift == |
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Dicamba came under scrutiny due to its reputation for [[pesticide drift|drifting]] from treated fields onto neighboring crops.<ref name="dtn2020">{{cite web |title=Dicamba Know-How: Seven Things to Know Before You Spray Dicamba in 2020 |url=https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/crops/article/2020/04/03/seven-things-know-spray-dicamba-2020 |publisher=Progressive Farmer |access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pollack |first=Andrew |date=25 April 2012 |title=Dow Corn, Resistant to a Weed Killer, Runs into Opposition |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/26/business/energy-environment/dow-weed-killer-runs-into-opposition.html?_r=0 |access-date=1 August 2016 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130104103413/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/26/business/energy-environment/dow-weed-killer-runs-into-opposition.html?_r=0 |archivedate=4 January 2013}}</ref> In 2011, the [[European Food Safety Authority]] identified dicamba's potential for long-range transport through the atmosphere as a critical area of concern.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-14 |title=Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance dicamba {{!}} EFSA |url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1965 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.efsa.europa.eu |language=en |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1965}}</ref> In 2022, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] identified spray drift as the primary ecological risk for dicamba due to its potential effects on non-target terrestrial plants.<ref name=":0" /> Dicamba is also available in a drift-resistant formulation, which is less likely to affect neighboring fields. |
Dicamba came under scrutiny due to its reputation for [[pesticide drift|drifting]] from treated fields onto neighboring crops.<ref name="dtn2020">{{cite web |title=Dicamba Know-How: Seven Things to Know Before You Spray Dicamba in 2020 |url=https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/crops/article/2020/04/03/seven-things-know-spray-dicamba-2020 |publisher=Progressive Farmer |access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite news |last=Pollack |first=Andrew |date=25 April 2012 |title=Dow Corn, Resistant to a Weed Killer, Runs into Opposition |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/26/business/energy-environment/dow-weed-killer-runs-into-opposition.html?_r=0 |access-date=1 August 2016 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130104103413/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/26/business/energy-environment/dow-weed-killer-runs-into-opposition.html?_r=0 |archivedate=4 January 2013}}</ref> In 2011, the [[European Food Safety Authority]] identified dicamba's potential for long-range transport through the atmosphere as a critical area of concern.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-14 |title=Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance dicamba {{!}} EFSA |url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1965 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.efsa.europa.eu |language=en |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1965}}</ref> In 2022, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] identified spray drift as the primary ecological risk for dicamba due to its potential effects on non-target terrestrial plants.<ref name=":0" /> Dicamba is also available in a drift-resistant formulation, which is less likely to affect neighboring fields. |
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== Toxicology == |
== Toxicology == |
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[[Arkansas]] and [[Missouri]] banned the sale and use of dicamba in July 2017 in response to complaints of crop damage due to drift.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gray |first1=Bryce |date=7 July 2017 |title=Missouri and Arkansas ban dicamba herbicide as complaints snowball |publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |url=https://www.stltoday.com/business/local/missouri-and-arkansas-ban-dicamba-herbicide-as-complaints-snowball/article_2f0739e8-1b7f-5759-81b2-d78b7e249bac.html |access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> Monsanto responded by arguing that not all instances of crop damage had been investigated and a ban was premature.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pucci |first1=Jackie |date=10 July 2017 |title=Monsanto Responds to Arkansas, Missouri Dicamba Bans |publisher=Crop Life |url=http://www.croplife.com/crop-inputs/monsanto-responds-to-arkansas-missouri-dicamba-bans/ |access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> Monsanto sued the state of Arkansas to stop the ban, but the case was dismissed in February 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nosowitz |first1=Dan |date=20 February 2018 |title=Monsanto's Lawsuit Against Arkansas for Dicamba Ban Dismissed |url=https://modernfarmer.com/2018/02/monsanto-lawsuit-arkansas-dicamba-ban/ |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=Modern Farmer}}</ref> It has also been acknowledged that the use of dicamba had increased since 2017.<ref name="dicambause" /><ref name="dicambauser" /> |
[[Arkansas]] and [[Missouri]] banned the sale and use of dicamba in July 2017 in response to complaints of crop damage due to drift.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gray |first1=Bryce |date=7 July 2017 |title=Missouri and Arkansas ban dicamba herbicide as complaints snowball |publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |url=https://www.stltoday.com/business/local/missouri-and-arkansas-ban-dicamba-herbicide-as-complaints-snowball/article_2f0739e8-1b7f-5759-81b2-d78b7e249bac.html |access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> Monsanto responded by arguing that not all instances of crop damage had been investigated and a ban was premature.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pucci |first1=Jackie |date=10 July 2017 |title=Monsanto Responds to Arkansas, Missouri Dicamba Bans |publisher=Crop Life |url=http://www.croplife.com/crop-inputs/monsanto-responds-to-arkansas-missouri-dicamba-bans/ |access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> Monsanto sued the state of Arkansas to stop the ban, but the case was dismissed in February 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nosowitz |first1=Dan |date=20 February 2018 |title=Monsanto's Lawsuit Against Arkansas for Dicamba Ban Dismissed |url=https://modernfarmer.com/2018/02/monsanto-lawsuit-arkansas-dicamba-ban/ |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=Modern Farmer}}</ref> It has also been acknowledged that the use of dicamba had increased since 2017.<ref name="dicambause" /><ref name="dicambauser" /> |
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In June 2020, the [[9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals]] blocked sales of three dicamba-based herbicides in the United States, finding that the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] |
In June 2020, the [[9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals]] blocked sales of three dicamba-based herbicides in the United States, finding that the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] “substantially understated risks that it acknowledged and failed entirely to acknowledge other risks.”<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2020 |title=U.S. Court Blocks Sales of Bayer Weed Killer in United States |agency=Reuters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/06/04/business/04reuters-bayer-dicamba-lawsuit.html |access-date=11 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=US EPA |first1=OCSPP |date=8 June 2020 |title=Final Cancellation Order for Three Dicamba Products |url=https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/final-cancellation-order-three-dicamba-products |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The EPA’s Office of the Inspector General concluded that the EPA had deviated from typical procedures in its 2018 decision despite the best efforts of EPA’s career scientists and managers to recommend a different approach that was scientifically, procedurally, and legally sound.<ref name=":0" /> |
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On 8 June 2020, the EPA clarified that existing stocks of the dicamba-based pesticides bought before 3 June 2020 may be used according to their previous labels until 31 July 2020.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 June 2020 |title=EPA Offers Clarity to Farmers in Light of Recent Court Vacatur of Dicamba Registrations |url=https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-offers-clarity-farmers-light-recent-court-vacatur-dicamba-registrations |access-date=11 June 2020 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> In October 2020 the EPA issued a decision on the registration application of three dicamba-based products, Xtendimax, Engenia, and Tavium. They approved of their use from 2021 to 2025 with some additional changes, including labeling restrictions.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 November 2020 |title=EPA Approves Dicamba Pesticides Through 2025; Additional Restrictions Imposed |url=https://agrilife.org/texasaglaw/2020/11/09/epa-approves-dicamba-pesticides-through-2025-additional-restrictions-imposed/ |access-date=May 26, 2021 |website=Texas Agricultural Extension}}</ref> |
On 8 June 2020, the EPA clarified that existing stocks of the dicamba-based pesticides bought before 3 June 2020 may be used according to their previous labels until 31 July 2020.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 June 2020 |title=EPA Offers Clarity to Farmers in Light of Recent Court Vacatur of Dicamba Registrations |url=https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-offers-clarity-farmers-light-recent-court-vacatur-dicamba-registrations |access-date=11 June 2020 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> In October 2020 the EPA issued a decision on the registration application of three dicamba-based products, Xtendimax, Engenia, and Tavium. They approved of their use from 2021 to 2025 with some additional changes, including labeling restrictions.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 November 2020 |title=EPA Approves Dicamba Pesticides Through 2025; Additional Restrictions Imposed |url=https://agrilife.org/texasaglaw/2020/11/09/epa-approves-dicamba-pesticides-through-2025-additional-restrictions-imposed/ |access-date=May 26, 2021 |website=Texas Agricultural Extension}}</ref> |
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* [http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/dicamba_gen.pdf Dicamba General Fact Sheet – National Pesticide Information Center] |
* [http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/dicamba_gen.pdf Dicamba General Fact Sheet – National Pesticide Information Center] |
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* [http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/dicamba.htm Dicamba Pesticide Information Profile – Extension Toxicology Network] |
* [http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/dicamba.htm Dicamba Pesticide Information Profile – Extension Toxicology Network] |
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* [ |
* [http://www.roundupreadyxtend.com/Pages/default.aspx Monsanto's Xtend Crop System Product Page] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061006100518/http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/dicamba_red.pdf EPA Dicamba Reregistration Eligibility Decision] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061006100518/http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/dicamba_red.pdf EPA Dicamba Reregistration Eligibility Decision] |
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