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A fear appeal is a persuasive [[message]] that attempts to arouse fear in order to divert behavior through the threat of impending danger or harm.<ref name=Maddux>{{cite journal | last1 = Maddux | first1 = J. E. | last2 = Rogers | first2 = R. W. | year = 1983 | title = Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change | journal = Journal of Experimental Social Psychology | volume = 19 | issue = 5| pages = 469–479 | doi = 10.1016/0022-1031(83)90023-9 }}</ref> It presents a risk, presents the [[vulnerability]] to the risk, and then may, or may not suggest a form of protective action.<ref name=de_Hoog>{{cite journal | last1 = De_Hoog | first1 = N. | last2 = Stroebe | first2 = W. | last3 = John | first3 = B. F. | year = 2005 | title = The impact of fear appeals on processing and acceptance of action recommendations | journal = Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin | volume = 31 | issue = 1| pages = 24–33 | doi = 10.1177/0146167204271321 | pmid = 15574659 | s2cid = 12325133 }}</ref> |
A fear appeal is a persuasive [[message]] that attempts to arouse fear in order to divert behavior through the threat of impending danger or harm.<ref name=Maddux>{{cite journal | last1 = Maddux | first1 = J. E. | last2 = Rogers | first2 = R. W. | year = 1983 | title = Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change | journal = Journal of Experimental Social Psychology | volume = 19 | issue = 5| pages = 469–479 | doi = 10.1016/0022-1031(83)90023-9 }}</ref> It presents a risk, presents the [[vulnerability]] to the risk, and then may, or may not suggest a form of protective action.<ref name=de_Hoog>{{cite journal | last1 = De_Hoog | first1 = N. | last2 = Stroebe | first2 = W. | last3 = John | first3 = B. F. | year = 2005 | title = The impact of fear appeals on processing and acceptance of action recommendations | journal = Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin | volume = 31 | issue = 1| pages = 24–33 | doi = 10.1177/0146167204271321 | pmid = 15574659 | s2cid = 12325133 }}</ref> |
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It is assumed that through a fear appeal the perception of threatening stimuli creates [[fear|fear arousal]]. The state of fear is believed to be an unpleasant emotional state that involves [[physiology|physiological]] arousal that motivates [[cognition|cognitive]], [[affect (psychology)|affective]], and behavioral responses directed towards alleviating the threat or reducing fear.<ref name=Ruiter>{{cite journal | last1 = Ruiter | first1 = R. A. C. | last2 = Abraham | first2 = C. | last3 = Kok | first3 = G. | year = 2001 | title = Scary warnings and rational precautions: A review of the psychology of fear appeals | journal = Psychology & Health | volume = 16 | issue = 6| pages = 613–630 | doi = 10.1080/08870440108405863 | s2cid = 143830782 }}</ref> There are many different theoretical models of fear appeal messages. They include: the [[extended parallel process model]], the [[drive theory]], the [[subjective expected utility|subjective expected utility theory]], the protection motivation theory, the [[health belief model]], the [[theory of reasoned action]], and the [[transtheoretical model]]. These models are widely used in substance abuse campaigns, sexual health programs, and many other general health contexts. The persuasive effect of fear appeals is thought to be influenced by several factors such as individual characteristics, [[self-efficacy]], perception of norms, fear strength, perceived threat, perception of treatment efficacy, and defense mechanisms. Mixed results have been produced from studies that attempt to demonstrate the effectiveness of fear appeals for [[behavior modification]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Walkters | first1 = S | year = 2000 | title = Drinking on campus: What do we know about reducing alcohol use among college students? | journal = Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment | volume = 19 | issue = 3| pages = 223–228 | doi = 10.1016/S0740-5472(00)00101-X | pmid = 11027891 |
It is assumed that through a fear appeal the perception of threatening stimuli creates [[fear|fear arousal]]. The state of fear is believed to be an unpleasant emotional state that involves [[physiology|physiological]] arousal that motivates [[cognition|cognitive]], [[affect (psychology)|affective]], and behavioral responses directed towards alleviating the threat or reducing fear.<ref name=Ruiter>{{cite journal | last1 = Ruiter | first1 = R. A. C. | last2 = Abraham | first2 = C. | last3 = Kok | first3 = G. | year = 2001 | title = Scary warnings and rational precautions: A review of the psychology of fear appeals | journal = Psychology & Health | volume = 16 | issue = 6| pages = 613–630 | doi = 10.1080/08870440108405863 | s2cid = 143830782 }}</ref> There are many different theoretical models of fear appeal messages. They include: the [[extended parallel process model]], the [[drive theory]], the [[subjective expected utility|subjective expected utility theory]], the protection motivation theory, the [[health belief model]], the [[theory of reasoned action]], and the [[transtheoretical model]]. These models are widely used in substance abuse campaigns, sexual health programs, and many other general health contexts. The persuasive effect of fear appeals is thought to be influenced by several factors such as individual characteristics, [[self-efficacy]], perception of norms, fear strength, perceived threat, perception of treatment efficacy, and defense mechanisms. Mixed results have been produced from studies that attempt to demonstrate the effectiveness of fear appeals for [[behavior modification]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Walkters | first1 = S | year = 2000 | title = Drinking on campus: What do we know about reducing alcohol use among college students? | journal = Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment | volume = 19 | issue = 3| pages = 223–228 | doi = 10.1016/S0740-5472(00)00101-X | pmid = 11027891 }}</ref> and a recent meta-analysis recommended caution in the use of fear appeals.<ref>Peters, G. J. Y., Ruiter, R. A. C, & Kok, G. (2014). Threatening communication: a critical re-analysis and a revised meta-analytic test of fear appeal theory. ''[[Health Psychology Review]]'', 7 (S1), S8-S31. doi:17437199.2012.703527</ref> |
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==Models== |
==Models== |
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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