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Editing Filming of James Bond in the 1970s

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{{Lead too short|date=December 2019}}
Films made in the 1970s featuring the character of [[James Bond]] included ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'', ''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]'', ''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (film)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'', ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'', and ''[[Moonraker (film)|Moonraker]]''.

==''Diamonds Are Forever''==
Filming began on 5 April 1971, with the South African scenes actually shot in the desert near Las Vegas, and finished on 13 August 1971.<ref name=InsideDD>{{cite video|title=Inside Diamonds Are Forever: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Disc 2|year=2000|publisher=MGM/UA Home Video|medium=DVD |id={{ASIN|B000LY2L1Q}} }}</ref> The film was shot primarily in the US, with locations including the [[Los Angeles International Airport]],<ref>{{cite episode| title= Los Angeles| series = Postcard Destinations| network = Voyager Channel|location= Mumbai| airdate = 7 January 2008| minutes= 8}}</ref> [[Universal City Studios]] and eight hotels of Las Vegas.<ref>{{cite video |title = Exotic Locations: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Disc 2|publisher =MGM Home Entertainment |medium= DVD |id={{ASIN|B00004VUHC}} }}</ref> Besides the [[Pinewood Studios]] in Buckinghamshire, other places in England were [[Dover]] and [[Southampton]]. The climactic oil rig sequence was shot off the shore of [[Oceanside, California]]. Other filming locations included [[Antibes|Cap D'Antibes]] in France for the opening scenes, [[Amsterdam]] and [[Lufthansa]]'s hangar in Germany.<ref name="locations">{{cite video |title = Exotic Locations: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Disc 2 |id={{ASIN|B000LY2L1Q}} }}</ref>

Filming in Las Vegas took place mostly in hotels owned by Howard Hughes, since he was a friend of Cubby Broccoli.<ref name=InsideDD /> Getting the streets empty in order to shoot was achieved through the collaboration of Hughes, the Las Vegas police and shopkeepers association.<ref name="hamilton">{{cite video|people=[[Guy Hamilton]]|title = Commentary track: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Region 4 |medium = DVD |publisher = MGM Home Entertainment }}</ref> The [[Las Vegas Hilton]] doubled for the Whyte House, and since the owner of the [[Circus Circus Las Vegas|Circus Circus]] was a Bond fan, he allowed the Circus to be used on film and even made a cameo.<ref name="hamilton" /><ref name=InsideDD /> The cinematographers said filming in Las Vegas at night had an advantage: no additional illumination was required due to the high number of neon lights.<ref>{{cite video|people=[[Peter Lamont]]|title = Commentary track: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Region 4 |medium = DVD |publisher = MGM Home Entertainment }}</ref> Sean Connery made the most of his time on location in Las Vegas.『I didn't get any sleep at all. We shot every night, I caught all the shows and played golf all day. On the weekend I collapsed – boy, did I collapse. Like a skull with legs.』He also played the slot machines, and once delayed a scene because he was collecting his winnings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/history_press_daf_sean_connery_las_vegas_interview.php3|title=Rare interview with Sean Connery on the set of Diamonds Are Forever in Las Vegas|publisher=[[MI6-HQ.com]]|access-date=30 March 2011}}</ref>

The site used for the Willard Whyte Space Labs (where Bond gets away in the Moon Buggy) was actually, at that time, a [[Johns-Manville]] [[gypsum]] plant located just outside Las Vegas. The home of [[Kirk Douglas]] was used for the scene in Tiffany's house, while the [[Elrod House]] in [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]], designed by [[John Lautner]], became Willard Whyte's house.<ref>[http://www.hgtv.com/decorating/diamonds-are-forever/index.html Decorating: Diamonds are Forever] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625022615/http://www.hgtv.com/decorating/diamonds-are-forever/index.html |date=June 25, 2010 }} – archive: [[HGTV]]</ref> The exterior shots of the Slumber mortuary were of a real crematorium on the outskirts of Las Vegas. The interiors were a set constructed at Pinewood Studios, where Ken Adam imitated the real building's [[Lozenge (shape)|lozenge]]-shaped stained glass window in its [[nave]]. During location filming, Adam visited several funeral homes in the Las Vegas area, the inspiration behind the gaudy design of the Slumber mortuary (the use of tasteless [[Art Deco]] furniture and Tiffany lamps) came from these experiences.<ref name="locations" /> Production wrapped with the crematorium sequence, on 13 August 1971.<ref name=InsideDD />

Since the car chase in Las Vegas would have many car crashes, the filmmakers had an arrangement with [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] to use their vehicles. Ford's only demand was that Sean Connery had to drive the [[Ford Mustang Mach 1|1971 Mustang Mach 1]] which serves as Tiffany Case's car.<ref name="hamilton" /> The Moon Buggy was inspired by the [[Lunar rover|actual NASA vehicle]], but with additions such as flaying arms since the producers didn't find the design "outrageous" enough. Built by custom car fabricator [[Dean Jeffries]] on a rear-engined Corvair chassis, it was capable of road speeds. The [[fiberglass|fibreglass]] tires had to be replaced during the chase sequence because the heat and irregular desert soil ruined them.<ref>{{cite video|people=[[Ken Adam]]|title = Commentary track: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Region 4 |medium = DVD|publisher = MGM Home Entertainment }}</ref>

Hamilton had the idea of making a fight scene inside a lift, which was choreographed and done by Sean Connery and stuntman [[Joe Robinson (actor)|Joe Robinson]].<ref>{{cite video|section=Double-O Stuntmen|title=The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition |at=Disk 2|publisher=MGM Home Entertainment}}</ref> The car chase where the red Mustang comes outside of the narrow street on the opposite side in which it was rolled, was filmed over three nights on Fremont Street in Las Vegas. The alleyway car roll sequence is actually filmed in two locations. The entrance was at the car park at [[Universal Studios]] and the exit was at Fremont Street, Las Vegas. It eventually inspired a continuity mistake, as the car enters the alley on the right side tires and exits the street driving on the left side.<ref name=InsideDD /><ref name=tcm>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/thismonth/article.jsp?cid=235282&mainArticleId=235259|title=Diamonds Are Forever|publisher=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|access-date=25 January 2011}}</ref> While filming the scene of finding Plenty O´Toole drowned in Tiffany's swimming pool, [[Lana Wood]] actually had her feet loosely tied to a cement block on the bottom. Film crew members held a rope across the pool for her, with which she could lift her face out of the water to breathe between takes. The pool's sloping bottom made the block slip into deeper water with each take. Eventually, Wood was submerged but was noticed by on-lookers and rescued before drowning for real. Wood, being a certified diver, took some water but remained calm during the ordeal, although she later admitted to a few "very uncomfortable moments and quite some struggling until they pulled me out."<ref>{{cite video|people=[[Lana Wood]]|title= Commentary track: Diamonds Are Forever Ultimate Edition, Region 4 |medium = DVD |publisher = MGM Home Entertainment }}</ref>

==''Live and Let Die''==
[[Principal photography]] began in October 1972, in Louisiana.
For a while only the second unit was shot after Moore was diagnosed with [[kidney stone]]s. In November production moved to [[Jamaica]], which doubled for the fictional San Monique. In December, production was divided between interiors in [[Pinewood Studios]] and location shooting in Harlem.<ref name=InsideLD>{{cite video|title=Inside Live and Let Die: Live and Let Die Ultimate Edition, Disc 2|year=2000|publisher=MGM/UA Home Video|medium=DVD |id={{ASIN|B000LY209E}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite video|title=Exotic Locations}} ''Live and Let Die'', Ultimate Edition, disk 2</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=[[Mi6-HQ.com]]|url=http://mi6-hq.com/sections/movies/lald_locations.php3?t=lald&s=lald|title=Live and Let Die – Location Guide|access-date=6 November 2008}}</ref> The producers were reportedly required to pay [[protection money]] to a local Harlem [[gang]] to ensure the crew's safety. When the cash ran out, they were "encouraged" to leave.<ref name="moore">{{cite video|title=Live and Let Die [[Audio commentary]] 1|people=[[Roger Moore]]}} ''Live and Let Die'', Ultimate Edition, disk 1</ref>

Ross Kananga suggested the jump on crocodiles, and was enlisted by the producers to do the stunt.<ref name=InsideLD /> The scene took five takes to be completed, including one in which the last crocodile snapped at Kananga's heel, tearing his trousers.<ref name=InsideLD /> The production also had trouble with snakes. The [[script supervisor]] was so afraid that she refused to be on set with them; an actor fainted while filming a scene where he is killed by a snake; Jane Seymour became terrified as a reptile got closer, and [[Geoffrey Holder]] only agreed to fall into the snake-filled casket because [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy|Princess Alexandra]] was visiting the set.<ref name=InsideLD />

The boat chase was filmed on the Louisiana [[bayou]], with some interruption caused by flooding.<ref name=InsideLD /> Twenty-six boats were built by the [[Glastron]] boat company for the film. Seventeen were destroyed during rehearsals.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/outdoors/2003539511_nwwboatshow25.html | work=[[The Seattle Times]] | title=Big, gaudy and Bond-like, Seattle Boat Show exhibit cuts to the chase | first=Eric | last=Sorensen | date=25 January 2007}}</ref> The speedboat jump scene over the bayou, filmed with the assistance of a specially-constructed ramp, unintentionally set a [[Guinness World Record]] at the time with {{convert|110|ft|m}} cleared. Unfortunately, the waves created by the impact caused the following boat to flip over.<ref name=InsideLD />

The chase involving the [[double-decker bus]] was filmed with a second-hand London bus adapted by having a top section removed, and then placed back in situ running on [[ball bearing]]s to allow to slide off on impact. The stunts involving the bus were performed by Maurice Patchett, a [[London Transport (brand)|London Transport]] bus driving instructor.<ref name=InsideLD />

==''The Man with the Golden Gun''==
[[File:Seawise University wreck.jpg|thumb|1972: The wreck of the ''Seawise University'', the former RMS ''Queen Elizabeth'', in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong.|alt= A half-sunken ship lies listing at 45 degrees]]
On 6 November 1973 filming commenced at the part-submerged wreck of the RMS ''Queen Elizabeth'', which acted as a top-secret MI6 base grounded in [[Victoria Harbour]] in Hong Kong.{{sfn|Barnes|Hearn|2001|p=114}} The crew was small, and a stunt double was used for James Bond. The major part of [[principal photography]] started in April 1974 in Thailand.<ref name=InsideGG>{{cite video|title=Inside The Man with the Golden Gun|year=2000|publisher=MGM/UA Home Video|medium=DVD }} The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disc 2</ref> Thai locations included [[Bangkok]], [[Thon Buri]], Phuket and the nearby [[Phang Nga Province]], on the islands of [[Khao Phing Kan|Ko Khao Phing Kan]] ({{lang-th|เกาะเขาพิงกัน}}) and [[Ko Tapu]] ({{lang-th|เกาะตะปู}}).{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=102}}{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=286}} Scaramanga's hideout is on Ko Khao Phing Kan, and Ko Tapu is often now referred to as ''James Bond Island'' both by locals and in tourist guidebooks.<ref name="locationsGG">{{cite video|title=Exotic Locations|year=2000|publisher=MGM/UA Home Video|medium=DVD }} The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disc 2</ref> The scene during the boxing match used an actual [[Muay Thai]] fixture at the [[Lumpinee Boxing Stadium]].{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=286}} In late April, production returned to Hong Kong, and also shot in Macau,<ref name=InsideGG /> as the island is famous for its [[Gambling in Macau|casinos]], which Hong Kong does not have.<ref name="commNA">{{cite video|people=David Naylor|title=The Man with the Golden Gun audio commentary|publisher=MGM Home Entertainment}} The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disc 1</ref>

As some scenes in Thailand had to be finished, and also production had to move to studio work in [[Pinewood Studios]]—which included sets such as Scaramanga's solar energy plant and island interior—cinematographer [[Ted Moore]] became ill and [[Academy Award]] winner [[Oswald Morris]] was hired to finish the job.{{sfn|Smith|2002|p=135}} Morris was initially reluctant, as he did not like his previous experiences taking over other cinematographers' work, but accepted after dining with Broccoli.<ref>{{cite video|people=Oswald Morris|title=The Man with the Golden Gun audio commentary|publisher=MGM Home Entertainment}} The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disc 1</ref> Production wrapped in Pinewood in August 1974.<ref name=commNA/>

One of the main stunts in the film consisted of stunt driver "Bumps" Williard (as James Bond) driving an [[AMC Hornet]] leaping a broken bridge and spinning around 360 degrees in mid-air about the longitudinal axis, doing an "aerial twist"; Willard successfully completed the jump on the first take.{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=102}} The stunt was shown in slow motion as the scene was too fast.{{sfn|Barnes|Hearn|2001|p=119}} Composer [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]] added a [[slide whistle]] sound effect over the stunt, which Broccoli kept in despite thinking that it "undercouped the stunt". Barry later regretted his decision, thinking the whistle "broke the golden rule" as the stunt was "for what it was all worth, a truly dangerous moment,&nbsp;... true James Bond style".<ref>{{cite video|people=John Barry|title=The Man with the Golden Gun audio commentary|publisher=MGM Home Entertainment}} The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disc 1</ref> The sound effect was described as "simply crass",{{sfn|Barnes|Hearn|2001|p=119}} with one writer, Jim Smith, suggesting that the stunt "brings into focus the lack of excitement in the rest of the film and is spoilt by the use of 'comedy' sound effects."{{sfn|Smith|2002|p=136}} Eon Productions had licensed the stunt, which had been designed by Raymond McHenry;{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=286}} the stunt was initially conceived at [[Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory]] (CAL) in Buffalo, New York as a test for their powerful vehicle simulation software. After development in simulation, ramps were built and the stunt was tested at CAL's proving ground.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Astro-Spiral Jump |publisher=McHenry Software|url=http://www.mchenrysoftware.com/mhvosm1.htm |access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> It toured as part of the All American Thrill Show as the Astro Spiral before it was picked up for the film. The British show ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'' attempted to repeat the stunt in June 2008, but failed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finalgear.com/shows/topgear/11/2/|title=Top Gear – Season 11, Episode 2 – 29 June 2008|work=Final Gear.com|access-date=21 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301052133/http://www.finalgear.com/shows/topgear/11/2/|archive-date=1 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The scene where Scaramanga's car flies was done at [[Bovington Camp]], with a model inspired by an actual [[AVE Mizar|car plane]] prototype.<ref name=InsideGG /> Bond's duel with Scaramanga, which Mankewicz said was inspired by the climactic faceoff in ''[[Shane (film)|Shane]]'', had its length shortened as the producers felt it was causing pacing problems. The trailers featured some of the cut scenes.<ref name=commNA />

Hamilton adapted an idea of his involving Bond in [[Disneyland]] for Scaramanga's funhouse. The funhouse was designed to be a place where Scaramanga could get the upper hand by distracting the adversary with obstacles,<ref name=hamilton/> and was described by Murton as a "melting pot of ideas" which made it be "both a funhouse and a horror house".<ref>{{cite video|people=Peter Murton|title=The Man with the Golden Gun audio commentary|publisher=MGM Home Entertainment}} The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disc 1</ref> While an actual wax figure of Roger Moore was used, Moore's stunt double Les Crawford was the cowboy figure, and Ray Marione played the Al Capone figure. The [[cant (architecture)|canted]] sets such as the funhouse and the ''Queen Elizabeth'' had inspiration on [[German Expressionism]] films such as ''[[The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari]]''.<ref name=commNA /> For Scaramanga's solar power plant, Hamilton used both the Pinewood set and a miniature projected by [[Derek Meddings]], often cutting between each other to show there was no discernible difference.<ref name=hamilton/> The destruction of the facility was a combination of practical effects on the set and a destruction of the miniature.<ref name=InsideGG /> Meddings based the island blowing up on footage of the [[Battle of Monte Cassino]].<ref>{{cite video|people=Derek Meddings|title=The Man with the Golden Gun audio commentary|publisher=MGM Home Entertainment}} The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition, Disc 1</ref>

==''The Spy Who Loved Me''==
The film was shot at the [[Pinewood Studios]] in London, [[Porto Cervo]] in Sardinia (Hotel Cala di Volpe), Egypt ([[Karnak]], [[Mosque of Ibn Tulun]], [[Gayer-Anderson Museum]], [[Abu Simbel temples]]), [[Malta]], Scotland, Hayling Island UK, [[Okinawa]], Switzerland and [[Mount Asgard]] on [[Baffin Island]] in the then northern Canadian territory of [[Northwest Territories]] (now located in [[Nunavut]]).<ref>{{cite video|title=Exotic Locations|publisher=MGM Home Entertainment}} The Spy Who Loved Me, Ultimate Edition: Disk 2</ref>

As no studio was big enough for the interior of Stromberg's supertanker, and set designer [[Ken Adam]] did not want to repeat what he had done with SPECTRE's volcano base in ''You Only Live Twice'' – "a workable but ultimately wasteful set" – in March 1976, construction began of a new sound stage at Pinewood, the [[007 Stage]], at the cost of $1.8 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last= Frayling |first= Christopher |year= 2005 |title= Ken Adam and the Art of Production Design |publisher= [[Macmillan Publishers]] |location= London/New York City |isbn= 978-0-571-22057-1 |page= [https://archive.org/details/kenadamartofprod00fray/page/179 179] |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/kenadamartofprod00fray/page/179 }}</ref> To complement this stage, Eon also paid for building a water tank capable of storing approximately 1,200,000 gallons (4,500,000 litres). The soundstage was in fact so enormous that celebrated director [[Stanley Kubrick]] visited the production, in secret, to advise on how to light the stage. For the exterior, while [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] was willing to lend an abandoned tanker to the production, the elevated insurance and safety risks caused it to be replaced with miniatures built by [[Derek Meddings]]' team and shot at the Bahamas.<ref name=InsideSP>''Inside the Spy Who Loved Me''. ''The Spy Who Loved Me'' Ultimate Edition DVD, Disk 2</ref> Stromberg's shark tank was also filmed in the Bahamas, using a live shark in a saltwater swimming pool.<ref name=commSP>{{cite video|people=Lewis Gilbert, Ken Adam, Michael G. Wilson, Christopher Wood|title=The Spy Who Loved Me [[audio commentary]]}}</ref> Adam decided to do experiments with curved shapes for the scenery, as he felt all his previous setpieces were "too linear". This was demonstrated with the ''Atlantis'', which is a dome and curved surfaces outside, and many curved objects in Stromberg's office inside.<ref name=InsideSP /> For Gogol's offices, Adam wanted an open space to contrast M's enclosed headquarters, and drew inspiration from [[Sergei Eisenstein]] to do a "Russian crypt-like" set.<ref>''Ken Adam: Designing Bond''. ''The Spy Who Loved Me'': Ultimate Edition, Disk 2</ref>

The main unit began its work in August 1976 in [[Sardinia]]. Don McLaughlan, then head of [[public relations]] at [[Lotus Cars]], heard that Eon were shopping for a new Bond car. He drove a prototype [[Lotus Esprit]] with all Lotus branding taped over, and parked it outside the Eon offices at Pinewood studios; on seeing the car Eon asked Lotus to borrow both of the prototypes for filming. Initial filming of the car chase sequence resulted in disappointing action sequences. While moving the car between shoots, Lotus employee Roger Becker impressed with his handling of the car and for the rest of filming on Sardinia, Becker became the stunt driver.<ref name=InsideSP /><ref>{{cite web|last=Nicholls|first=Mark|title=Former Lotus engineer recalls his time as a James Bond stunt driver|url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/what-s-on/former_lotus_engineer_recalls_his_time_as_a_james_bond_stunt_driver_1_1671854|publisher=[[Eastern Daily Press]]|access-date=26 December 2012|archive-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029000553/http://www.edp24.co.uk/what-s-on/former_lotus_engineer_recalls_his_time_as_a_james_bond_stunt_driver_1_1671854|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In October, the second unit travelled to [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]] to film the underwater sequences. To perform the car becoming a submarine, seven different models were used, one for each step of the transformation. One of the models was a fully mobile submarine equipped with an engine built by Miami-based Perry Submarines. During the model sequences, the air bubbles seen appearing from the vehicle were created by [[Alka-Seltzer]] tablets. The car seen entering the sea was a mock-up shell, propelled off the jetty by a compressed air cannon.<ref name=InsideSP />

In September, production moved to [[Egypt]]. While the [[Great Sphinx of Giza]] was shot on the location, lighting problems caused the [[Giza Necropolis|pyramids]] to be replaced with miniatures.<ref name=InsideSP /> While construction of the ''Liparus'' set continued, the second unit headed by [[John Glen (director)|John Glen]] departed for [[Mount Asgard]] where in July 1976 they staged the film's pre-credits sequence. Bond film veteran Willy Bogner captured the action staged by stuntman [[Rick Sylvester]] who earned $30,000 for the stunt.<ref>{{cite episode | title=Episode No. 4 | series=Main Hoon Bond | network=Star Gold | season=1 | number=4 }}</ref> This stunt cost $500,000 – the most expensive single movie stunt at that time.

The production team returned briefly to the UK to shoot at the [[HMNB Clyde|Faslane]] submarine base before setting off to Spain, Portugal and the [[Bay of Biscay]] where the supertanker exteriors were filmed. On 5 December 1976, with principal photography finished, the 007 Stage was formally opened by the former Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]].<ref name="mi6">{{cite web|title=Production of The Spy Who Loved Me |url=http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/movies/tswlm_production.php3?t=tswlm&s=tswlm |date=8 July 2007 |access-date=29 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216171508/http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/movies/tswlm_production.php3?t=tswlm&s=tswlm |archive-date=December 16, 2005 }}</ref>

==''Moonraker''==
Production began on 14 August 1978. The main shooting was switched from the usual [[007 Stage]] at the [[Pinewood Studios]] to France, due to high taxation in England at the time. Only the cable car interiors and space battle exteriors were filmed at Pinewood. The massive sets designed by [[Ken Adam]] were the largest ever constructed in France and required more than 222,000 man-hours to construct (roughly 1000 hours by each of the crew on average).<ref name=InsideMR>{{cite video|title=Inside Moonraker|medium=DVD|publisher=[[MGM]]}}</ref> They were shot at three of France's largest film studios in [[Épinay-sur-Seine|Épinay]] and [[Boulogne-Billancourt]].<ref name="DVD booklet">{{cite book|title =Moonraker Special Edition, Region 2 booklet|year=2000}}</ref>

220 technicians used 100 tonnes of metal, two tonnes of nails and 10,000 feet of wood to build the three-story space station set at Eponay Studios.<ref name="DVD booklet"/> The elaborate space set for Moonraker holds the world record for having the largest number of zero gravity wires in one scene.<ref name=InsideMR /> The Venetian glass museum and fight between Bond and Chang was shot at [[Boulogne Studios]] in a building which had once been a [[World War II]] [[Luftwaffe]] aircraft factory during [[German occupation of France during World War II|Germany's occupation of France]].<ref name="DVD booklet"/> The scene in the Venice glass museum and warehouse holds the record for the largest amount of break-away [[sugar glass]] used in a single scene.<ref name=InsideMR />

[[File:Vaux-le-Vicomte Panorama.jpg|thumb|The [[Vaux-le-Vicomte|Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte]] was used for Drax's chateau in the film. An extensive aerial view of the site was witnessed by helicopter in the early stages of the film by Bond and Dufour arriving.]]

Drax's mansion, set in California, was actually filmed at the [[Vaux-le-Vicomte|Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte]], about {{convert|55|km|mi}} southeast of Paris, for the exteriors and Grand Salon. The remaining interiors, including some of the scenes with Corinne Defour and the drawing room, were filmed at the [[Château de Guermantes]].<ref name=InsideMR />

Much of the film was shot in the cities of London, Paris, Venice, [[Palmdale, California]], [[Port St. Lucie, Florida]], and [[Rio de Janeiro]]. The production team had considered India and Nepal as a location in the film but on arriving at those places to investigate, they found that it was inconceivable to write them into the script, particularly with time restrictions to do so.<ref name=InsideMR /> They decided on Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, relatively early on, a city that Cubby Broccoli had visited on vacation, and a team was sent to that city in early 1978 to capture initial footage from the [[Brazilian Carnival|Carnaval]] festival, which featured in the film.<ref name=InsideMR />

[[File:Rio de Janeiro - Pão de Açucar - Cablecar.jpg|thumb|left|Stuntman Richard Graydon slipped and narrowly avoided falling to his death during the filming of the cable car sequence at [[Sugarloaf Mountain (Brazil)|Sugarloaf Mountain]].]]

At the Rio de Janeiro location, many months later, Roger Moore arrived several days later than scheduled for shooting due to recurrent health problems and an attack of [[kidney stone]]s that he had suffered while in France.<ref name=InsideMR /> After arriving in Rio de Janeiro, Moore was immediately whisked off the plane and went straight to hair and make-up work, before re-boarding the plane, to film the sequence with him arriving as James Bond in the film. [[Sugarloaf Mountain, Brazil|Sugarloaf Mountain]] was a prominent location in the film, and during filming of the cable car sequence in which Bond and Goodhead are attacked by Jaws during mid-air transportation high above Rio de Janeiro, the stuntman Richard Graydon slipped and narrowly avoided falling to his death.<ref name=InsideMR /> For the scene in which Jaws bites into the steel tramway cable with his teeth, the cable was actually made of [[liquorice]], although Richard Kiel was still required to use his steel dentures.<ref name="DVD booklet"/>

[[Iguazu Falls]] was a natural location depicted in the film, although as stated by "Q" in the film, the falls were intended to be located somewhere in the upper basin of the [[Amazon River]] rather than where the falls are actually located in the south of Brazil. The second unit had originally planned on sending an actual boat over the falls.<ref name=InsideMR /> However, on attempting to release it, the boat became firmly embedded on rocks near the edge. Despite a dangerous attempt by helicopter and rope ladder to retrieve it, the plan had to be abandoned, forcing the second unit to use a miniature at Pinewood instead.<ref name=InsideMR /> The exterior of Drax's pyramid headquarters in the Amazon rain forest near the falls was actually filmed at the [[Tikal]] [[Maya civilisation|Mayan]] ruins in [[Guatemala]].<ref name="DVD booklet"/> The interior of the pyramid, however, was designed by Ken Adam at a French studio, in which he purposefully used a shiny coating to make the walls look plastic and false.<ref name=InsideMR /> All of the space centre scenes were shot at the Vehicle Assembly Building of the [[Kennedy Space Center]], Florida, although some of the earlier scenes of the Moonraker assembly plant had been filmed on location at the [[Rockwell International]] manufacturing plant in Palmdale, California.<ref>{{cite video|title=Exotic Locations of Moonraker|medium=DVD|publisher=[[MGM]]}}</ref>

The early scene involving Bond and Jaws in which Bond is pushed out of the aircraft without a [[parachute]] took weeks of planning and preparation. The skydiving sequence was coordinated by Don Calvedt under the supervision of second unit director [[John Glen (director)|John Glen]]. As Calvedt and skydiving champion B.J. Worth developed the equipment for the scene, which included a {{convert|1|in|mm|adj=mid|-thick}} parachute pack that could be concealed beneath the suit to give the impression of the missing parachute, and an equipment to prevent the freefalling cameraman from suffering [[whiplash (medicine)|whiplash]] while opening his parachute, they brought in stuntman Jake Lombard to test it all. Lombard eventually played Bond in the scene, with Worth as the pilot from which Bond takes a parachute, and Ron Luginbill as Jaws. Both Lombard and Worth would become regular member of the stunt team for aerial sequences in later Bond films.<ref name=InsideMR /><ref name=freefall>{{cite video|title=Learning to Freefall|medium=DVD|publisher=[[MGM]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite video|title=Double O Stunts|medium=DVD|publisher=[[MGM]]}}</ref> When the stunt men opened their parachutes at the end of every shoot, custom-sewn [[velcro]] costume seams would separate to allow the hidden parachutes to open.<ref name="DVD booklet"/> The skydiver cinematographer used a lightweight [[Panavision]] camera, bought from an old pawn shop in Paris, which he had adapted, and attached to his helmet to shoot the entire sequence. The scene took a total of 88 skydives by the stuntmen to be completed.<ref name=InsideMR /> The only scenes shot in studio were close-ups of Roger Moore and Richard Kiel.<ref name=freefall/>

Since [[NASA]]'s [[Space Shuttle program]] had not been launched, [[Derek Meddings]] and his miniatures team had to create the rocket launch footage without any reference. Shuttle models attached to [[bottle rocket]]s and [[signal flare]]s were used for takeoff, and the smoke trail was created with salt that fell from the models. The space scenes were done by rewinding the camera after an element was shot, enabling other elements to be [[superimposition|superimposed]] in the film stock, with the space battle needing up to forty rewinds to incorporate everything.<ref name=InsideMR /><ref>{{cite video|title=The Men Behind the Mayhem|medium=DVD|publisher=[[MGM]]}}</ref>

For the scene involving the opening of the musical electronic laboratory door lock in Venice, producer Albert R. Broccoli requested special permission from director [[Steven Spielberg]] to use the five-note melody from his film ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]'' (1977). In 1985, Broccoli would return the favour by fulfilling Spielberg's request to use the James Bond theme music for a scene in his film, ''[[The Goonies]]'' (1985).

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Alan |last2=Hearn |first2=Marcus |year=2001 |title=Kiss Kiss Bang! Bang!: The Unofficial James Bond Film Companion |publisher=Batsford Books |isbn=978-0-7134-8182-2 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Cork |first1=John |last2=Stutz |first2=Collin |title=James Bond Encyclopedia |year=2007 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=London |isbn=978-1-4053-3427-3 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Lee |last2= Worrall |first2=Dave |title=The Essential Bond |year=1998 |publisher=Macmillan Publishers |location=London |isbn=978-0-7522-2477-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Jim |title=Bond Films |year=2002 |publisher=[[Virgin Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7535-0709-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bondfilms0000smit }}

[[Category:James Bond in film]]
[[Category:1970s in film]]
[[Category:1970s in British cinema|Bond]]

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