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{{short description|Norwegian polar exploration vessel}}
{{for|the Norwegian passenger vessel built in 2007|MS Fram}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{expand Russian|fa=yes|topic=hist|date=April 2024}}
{| {{Infobox ship begin |display title=ital |infobox caption=''Fram''}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=Amundsen-Fram.jpg
|Ship caption= ''Fram'' in [[Antarctica]] during Roald Amundsen's expedition
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=Norway
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Norway}}
|Ship name=''Fram''
|Ship namesake= 
|Ship ordered=  
|Ship builder=[[Colin Archer]], [[Larvik]], [[Norway]]
|Ship laid down= 
|Ship launched=26 October 1892
|Ship in service=1893
|Ship out of service=1912
|Ship homeport=
|Ship status= Preserved; on display at the [[Fram Museum]], [[Oslo]]
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type=[[Schooner]]
|Ship tonnage= {{GRT|402}}<ref>Amundsen, Roald, ''The South Pole; an Account of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in the Fram, 1910–12'', Volume 2, Appendix I, "The Fram" (1912). Translated by Sydpolen.</ref>
|Ship length={{convert|127|ft|8|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|34|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft= {{convert|15|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}
|Ship hold depth= 
|Ship propulsion=*[[Triple-expansion steam engine]], {{convert|220|hp|0|abbr=on}}
*Sails
|Ship sail plan=
|Ship speed= {{convert|7|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range=
|Ship complement=16
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
'''''Fram''''' ("Forward") is a ship that was used in expeditions of the [[Arctic]] and [[Antarctic]] regions by the [[Norway|Norwegian]] explorers [[Fridtjof Nansen]], [[Otto Sverdrup]], [[Oscar Wisting]], and [[Roald Amundsen]] between 1893 and 1912. It was designed and built by the Scottish-Norwegian shipwright [[Colin Archer]] for Fridtjof Nansen's 1893 Arctic expedition in which the plan was to freeze ''Fram''  into the [[Arctic ice]] sheet and float with it over the [[North Pole]].

''Fram'' is preserved as a [[museum ship]] at the [[Fram Museum]] in [[Oslo]], Norway.

==Construction==
Nansen's ambition was to explore the Arctic farther north than anyone else. To do that, he would have to deal with a problem that many sailing on the polar ocean had encountered before him: the freezing ice could crush a ship. Nansen's idea was to build a ship that could survive the pressure, not by pure strength, but because it would be of a shape designed to let the ice push the ship up, so it would "float" on top of the ice.
[[File:Fram 1893-1896 engineering drawing.jpg|thumb|left|Engineering drawings]]

''Fram'' is a three-masted [[schooner]] with a total length of {{convert|39|m|ftin}} and width of {{convert|11|m|ftin}}. The ship is both unusually wide and unusually shallow in order to better withstand the forces of pressing ice.

Nansen commissioned the shipwright [[Colin Archer]] from [[Larvik]] to construct a vessel with these characteristics. ''Fram'' was built with an outer layer of [[Chlorocardium rodiei|greenheart]] wood to withstand the ice and with almost no [[keel]] to handle the shallow waters Nansen expected to encounter. The [[rudder]] and [[propeller]] were designed to be retracted. The ship was also carefully insulated to allow the crew to live on board for up to five years. The ship also included a [[windmill]], which ran a generator to provide electric power for lighting by [[Arc lamp|electric arc lamps]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Nansen | first = Fridtjof | author-link = Fridtjof Nansen | year = 1897 | title = Farthest North, Volumes I and II | chapter=ch 2 | publisher = Archibald Constable & Co. | location = London | ref = {{sfnRef|Nansen}} | url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30197}}</ref>

Initially, ''Fram'' was fitted with a steam engine. Prior to Amundsen's expedition to the South Pole in 1910, the engine was replaced with a [[diesel engine]], a first for polar exploration vessels.

The ship was [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 26 October 1892.<ref name="ODD1942">{{cite book|last=Arnesen|first=Odd|url=http://www.nb.no/nbsok/nb/c86dc2f373af14d9b6f1ce8ffe20d859?index=1#111|title=Fram – Hele Norges Skute|publisher=Jacob Dybwads forlag|year=1942|edition=2|pages=109–117}}</ref>

==Expeditions==
''Fram'' was used in several expeditions:
[[File:Framprow.jpg|thumb|The prow of ''Fram'', as seen in the [[Fram Museum]] in 2010]]

===Nansen's 1893–1896 Arctic expedition===
{{main|Nansen's Fram expedition}}
Wreckage found at Greenland from {{USS|Jeannette|1878|6}}, which was lost off Siberia, and driftwood found in the regions of [[Svalbard]] and [[Greenland]], suggested that an [[ocean current]] flowed beneath the Arctic ice sheet from east to west, bringing driftwood from the [[Siberia]]n region to Svalbard and further west. Nansen had ''Fram'' built in order to explore this theory.

[[File:PSM V57 D433 The ship named fram.png|thumb|left|''Fram'' in port, circa 1900<ref>[[Wikisource:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 57/August 1900/The Evolution and Present Status of the Automobile]]</ref>
]]
He undertook an expedition that came to last three years. When Nansen realised that ''Fram'' would not reach the North Pole directly by the force of the current, he and [[Hjalmar Johansen]] set out to reach it on skis. After reaching 86° 14' north, he had to turn back to spend the winter at [[Franz Josef Land]]. Nansen and Johansen survived on [[walrus]] and [[polar bear]] meat and [[blubber]]. Finally meeting British explorers, the [[Jackson–Harmsworth expedition]], they arrived back in Norway only days before the ''Fram'' also returned there. The ship had spent nearly three years trapped in the ice, reaching 85° 57' N.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Apsley Cherry-Garrard |last=Cherry-Garrard |first=Apsley |date=1922 |title=[[The Worst Journey in the World]] |publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers |page=xxii}}</ref>

===Sverdrup's 1898–1902 Canadian Arctic islands expedition===
In 1898, [[Otto Sverdrup]], who had brought ''Fram'' back on the first Arctic voyage, led a scientific expedition to the [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. ''Fram'' was slightly modified for this journey, its [[Freeboard (nautical)|freeboard]] being increased. ''Fram'' left harbour on 24 June 1898, with 17 men on board. Their aim was to chart the lands of the Arctic Islands, and to sample the geology, flora and fauna. The expeditions lasted until 1902, leading to charts covering {{cvt|260000|km2}}, more than any other Arctic expedition.<ref name=GKenny>{{cite book |last=Kenney |first=Gerard |date=1984 |title=Ships of Wood and Men of Iron: A Norwegian-Canadian Saga of Exploration in the High Arctic |publisher=Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina |isbn=0-88977-168-5}}</ref>

===Amundsen's 1910–1912 South Pole expedition===
[[File:Fram 1910-1912 Diesel Engine.jpg|thumb|For [[Amundsen's South Pole expedition]], ''Fram'' was fitted with this diesel engine]]
{{main|Amundsen's South Pole expedition}}
''Fram'' was used by [[Roald Amundsen]] in his southern polar expedition from 1910 to 1912, the first to reach the South Pole, during which ''Fram'' reached 78° 41' S.

==Preservation of ''Fram''==
The ship was left to decay in storage from 1912 until the late 1920s, when [[Lars Christensen]], [[Otto Sverdrup]] and [[Oscar Wisting]] initiated efforts to preserve it via the Fram Committee. In 1935, the ship was installed in the [[Fram Museum]], where it now stands.

==Named after ''Fram''==
[[File:Portrett av Colin Archer.jpg|thumb|Scottish–Norwegian shipwright [[Colin Archer]] designed the ship]]
[[File:Fram Model 1898-1902.jpg|thumb|''Fram'' model]]
* [[Komsomolskaya Pravda Islands|Fram Island]] ''(Ostrov Frama)'', an island close to the [[Komsomolskaya Pravda Islands]], [[Laptev Sea]]
* [[Framheim]] (literally "Home of the Fram"), Amundsen's Base at the [[Bay of Whales]] in [[Antarctica]] during his quest for the South Pole
* [[Fram Rupes]], an [[escarpment]] on [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]
* [[Fram crater]], a small crater on [[Mars]], visited by the [[MER-B|Mars Exploration Rover ''Opportunity'']] in 2004
* [[Fram Basin]], the deepest point in the [[Arctic Ocean]]
* [[Fram Strait]], a passage from the Arctic Ocean to the [[Greenland Sea]] and [[Norwegian Sea]], between [[Greenland]] and [[Spitsbergen]].
* ''[[Fram (play)|Fram]]'', a play by [[Tony Harrison]], premièred at the National Theatre London, 2008
* In [[Arthur Ransome]]'s children's book, ''[[Winter Holiday (novel)|Winter Holiday]]'', the children use the name ''Fram'' for their [[List of Swallows and Amazons characters#Friendly Natives|Uncle Jim's]] houseboat, trapped in the ice on the lake which becomes the inspiration for some of their adventures.
* ''[[The Adventures of Fram, the Polar Bear]]'' ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Aventurile lui Fram, ursul polar''), a children's book written by the [[Romania]]n author [[Cezar Petrescu]] which was also made into a TV series in Romania;

==See also==
* [[List of Antarctic exploration ships from the Heroic Age, 1897–1922]]
*[[List of museum ships]]
**[[RRS Discovery|RRS ''Discovery'']], the only surviving Arctic exploration vessel besides Fram

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Fram (ship, 1892)}}
* [https://frammuseum.no/polar-history/vessels/the-polar-ship-fram/ "The Polar Ship Fram"] by the [[Fram Museum]]

{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}
{{Amundsen's South Pole expedition}}
{{Oldest surviving ships (pre-1919)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1892 ships]]
[[Category:Amundsen's South Pole expedition]]
[[Category:Arctic exploration vessels]]
[[Category:Exploration ships]]
[[Category:Fridtjof Nansen]]
[[Category:Icebreakers of Norway]]
[[Category:Individual sailing vessels]]
[[Category:Museum ships in Norway]]
[[Category:Ships built in Norway]]
[[Category:Tall ships of Norway]]
[[Category:North Pole]]